LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Class 


OF   THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


w   « 


s  - 


II 


Estimating 


A  Guide  to 

SYSTEMATIC     METHODS    IN     TAKING    OFF     QUANTITIES     AND    MAKING    UP 
ESTIMATES    OF    COST    IN    BUILDING    OPERATIONS,    WITH    QUOTA- 
TIONS OF  CURRENT  PRICES  FOR  MATERIALS  AND  LABOR 


By  EDWARD  NICHOLS 

Architect,  Boston,  Mass. 


ILLUSTRATED 


CHICAGO 

AMERICAN   SCHOOL  OF  CORRESPONDENCE 
1908 


GENERAL 


<*** 


COPYRIGHT  1907  BY 
AMERICAN  SCHOOL  OF  CORRESPONDENCE 

Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall,  London 
All  Rights  Reserved 


Foreword 


recent  years,  such  marvelous  advances  have  been 
made  in  the  engineering  and  scientific  fields,  and 
so  rapid  has  been  the  evolution  of  mechanical  and 
constructive  processes  and  methods,  that  a  distinct 
need  has  been  created  for  a  series  of  practical 
working  guides,  of  convenient  size  and  low  cost,  embodying  the 
accumulated  results  of  experience  and  the  most  approved  modern 
practice  along  a  great  variety  of  lines.  To  fill  this  acknowledged 
need,  is  the  special  purpose  of  the  series  of  handbooks  to  which 
this  volume  belongs. 

C,  In  the  preparation  of  this  series,  it  has  been  the  aim  of  the  pub- 
lishers to  lay  special  stress  on  the  practical  side  of  each  subject, 
as  distinguished  from  mere  theoretical  or  academic  discussion. 
Each  volume  is  written  by  a  well-known  expert  of  acknowledged 
authority  in  his  special  line,  and  is  based  on  a  most  careful  study 
of  practical  needs  and  up-to-date  methods  as  developed  under  the 
conditions  of  actual  practice  in  the  field,  the  shop,  the  mill,  the 
power  house,  the  drafting  room,  the  engine  room,  etc. 

C,  These  volumes  are  especially  adapted  for  purposes  of  self- 
instruction  and  home  study.  The  utmost  care  has  been  used  to 
bring  the  treatment  of  each  subject  within  the  range  of  the  com- 


196470 


mon  understanding,  so  that  the  work  will  appeal  not  only  to  the 
technically  trained  expert,  but  also  to  the  beginner  and  the  self- 
taught  practical  man  who  wishes  to  keep  abreast  of  modern 
progress.  The  language  is  simple  and  clear;  heavy  technical  terms 
and  the  formulae  of  the  higher  mathematics  have  been  avoided, 
yet  without  sacrificing  any  of  the  requirements  of  practical 
instruction;  the  arrangement  of  matter  is  such  as  to  carry  the 
reader  along  by  easy  steps  to  complete  mastery  of  each  subject; 
frequent  examples  for  practice  are  given,  to  enable  the  reader  to 
test  his  knowledge  and  make  it  a  permanent  possession;  and  the 
illustrations  are  selected  with  the  greatest  care  to  supplement  and 
make  clear  the  references  in  the  text. 

C,  The  method  adopted  in  the  preparation  of  these  volumes  is  that 
which  the  American  School  of  Correspondence  has  developed  and 
employed  so  successfully  for  many  years.  It  is  not  an  experiment, 
but  has  stood  the  severest  of  all  tests — that  of  practical  use — which 
has  demonstrated  it  to  be  the  best  method  yet  devised  for  the 
education  of  the  busy  working  man. 

C,  For  purposes  of  ready  reference  and  timely  information  when 
needed,  it  is  believed  that  this  series  of  handbooks  will  be  found  to 
meet  every  requirement. 


Table    of    Contents 


PRELIMINARY  PRINCIPLES  .        .       ...       ....       .    Page   1 

Variation  in  Prices — Profit — Percentage — Duplication  of  Parts — 
Transportation — Approximate  and  Detailed  Estimates — Estimating  by 
the  Square;  by  Quantities — Preparatory  Steps — Units — Rules  and 
Tables — Measurement  of_  Lines  and  Surfaces — Areas  and  Solid  Con- 
tents of  Solids. 

STANDARD  PRICES  OF  LABOR  AND  MATERIALS       .       -\  .    .       .    Page  13 

Scale  of  Wages  in  Various  Trades — Excavation — Stonework  (Cut 
Stone,  Granite,  Limestone,  Window  Sets,  Sandstone,  Setting  of  Cut 
Stone,  Marble,  Bluestone,  Seam-Faced  Granite) — Brickwork  (Mortar, 
Face  Brick) — Concrete — Chimneys — Flue-Lining — Mason's  Supplies— 7 
Cellar  Columns — Earthen  Drain-Pipe — Standard  Vitrified  Pipe — Car- 
pentry— Board  Measure — Lumber  (Dimension,  Floor  and  Finish,  Inside 
Door-Frames) — Calculating  the  Frame — Floors — Outside  Walls — 

V 

Shingling — Roofing — Studding — Windows — Doors  —  Inside  Finish — 
Window-Frames — Stairs — A  Day's  Work — Cost  of  Labor  (by  the 
Square;  by  the  Piece) — Exterior  Finish — Piazzas  and  Porches — Con- 
ductors— Hardware — Nails — Roofing  (Shingles,  Slate,  Tiles,  Metal, 
Composition,  Gutters  and  Conductors) — Plastering — Lathing — Paint- 
ing— Spreading  Power  of  Paints — Heating  System  (Hot-Air,  Steam, 
Hot-Water) — Registers,  Piping,  Radiators,  etc. — Plumbing — Drainage 
— Water  Supply  (Boiler,  Waste-Cocks,  etc.) — Capacity  of  Cisterns  and 
Tanks  —  Sinks  —  Lavatories  —  Laundry  Trays  —  Gasfitting  —  Electric 
Work  (Wiring,  Switches,  Bells). 

MAKING  A  DETAILED  ESTIMATE     ••...-,.       .       .       ...    Page  59 

Methods  of  Estimating — Staking-Out  and  Setting  Batter-Boards — 
Water  Supply  during  Construction — Excavation — Stonework — Plaster- 
ing Walls  with  Cement — Cesspools,  Dry  Wells,  and  Drains — Brick- 
work —  Flue-Linings  —  Concreting  —  Plastering  —  Carpentry  Work — 
Stairs  —  Hardware — Heating — Plumbing — Electric  Wiring — Electric^ 
Lighting  Fixtures — Painting — Schedules  (Analysis  of  Carpentry 
Work) — Memoranda  for  Heating  Estimate — Location  Sheet  of  Electric 
Outlets. 

INDEX  .  .        . .....'.  Page  109 


FRONT  AND   REAR   VIEWS    OF    RESIDENCE  OF   MR.  H.  T.   LOOMIS,    MAGNOLIA   DRIVE, 

CLEVELAND,  OHIO 

Watterson  &  Schneider,  Architects,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Cost,  about  $35,000.    First-Story  Walls  of  McCausland  Brick,  Made  at  Akron,  Ohio.    Koofs  of 

Combination  Red  Tile. 


ESTIMATING 

PART  I 


Introductory.  The  ability  to  estimate  may  be  considered  as  the 
dividing  line  between  the  journeyman  and  the  master  builder,  for, 
no  matter  how  skilful  a  mechanic  may  become,  he  can  never  "hang 
out  his  shingle"  and  invite  patronage  in  his  distinctive  line  of  work, 
unless  he  becomes  able  to  make  reliable  estimates  of  material  and 
labor  to  be  furnished.  To  do  this  something  more  than  mere  accuracy 
and  quickness  in  figures  or  a  mastery  of  mathematics  is  needed; 
namely:  experience  and  judgment,  an  understanding  of  the  more  or 
less  complicated  details  which  go  to  make  up  a  building,  and  a  knowl- 
edge of  current  prices  and  discounts  in  the  trade.  It  is  the  object  of 
this  paper  to  point  the  way  toward  the  acquirement  of  such  of  these 
needs  as  may  be  imparted  by  words  or  figures;  that  is,  to  put  in  con- 
densed form  some  of  the  common  methods  by  which  estimates  are 
made  up,  and  to  point  out  some  of  the  things  which  are  to  be  avoided. 

Prices.  As  prices  of  labor  and  materials  are  constantly  shifting, 
those  quoted  in  this  paper  must  be  taken  only  as  proportionate,  to 
be  used  in  comparison  with  known  quantities  and  methods.  All 
prices  given  are  as  current  in  Boston,  Mass.,  in  December,  1906, 
and  are  subject  to  immediate  change.  On  account  of  the  varia- 
bleness in  price  of  labor  and  materials,  it  is  better,  in  general,  to 
make  estimates  on  the  basis  of  days  or  hours,  and  quantities  of 
materials,  so  that  they  may  be  used  for  comparison  in  future  work. 
To  this  end  all  estimates  should  be  carefully  labelled  and  filed  away 
for  future  reference.  This  should  be  done  whether  the  bids  were 
successful  or  otherwise.  If  a  successful  bid,  there  will  arise  a  good 
opportunity  to  compare  the  estimates  of  cost  of  the  different  items, 
with  the  actual  cost  of  execution;  and  if  a  bid  fails  to  win  the  job, 
satisfaction  and  experience  may  be  gained  by  noting  the  items  which 
may  have  been  priced  too  high  or  too  low.  This  data  may  be  of  great 
service  in  preparing  future  estimates,  especially  in  the  comparisons 
between  estimated  and  actually  executed  work. 

*  There  is  no  such  a  thing  as  a  universal  or  permanent  standard  price  for  anything. 
Prices  vary  in  different  localities  at  the  same  time  and  in  the  same  locality  at  different 
times.  The  estimator  must  therefore  acquaint  himself  with  local  market  conditions  in 
every  case. 


ESTIMATING 


Catalogues.  Catalogues  and  price  lists  of  all  standard  articles 
are  easily  obtained  and  should  be  kept  at  hand,  properly  indexed,  for 
ready  reference,  as  they  contain  a  great  deal  of  specific  information. 
For  close  figuring,  however,  it  will  not  do  to  rely  upon  these  prices, 
as  the  amounts  of  trade  discounts  are  not  always  included.  These 
vary  greatly  from  time  to  time,  and  often  there  are  two  or  more  dis- 
counts, a  trade  discount,  a  cash  discount,  and  a  variation  in  discounts 
made  by  different  merchants,  all  of  which  the  contractor  must  become 
aware  of  to  obtain  bottom  prices- 
All  data  of  this  sort  should  be  carefully  tabulated  for  constant 
reference,  in  such  a  form  that  it  may  be  easily  revised  and  kept,  so 
far  as  possible,  up  to  date. 

The  manner  and  time  of  payments  is  a  matter  to  be  considered 
in  this  connection,  as  it  will  permit  the  contractor  to  take  advantage 
of  cash  discounts,  which  often  make  a  great  difference  in  the  cost  of 
certain  materials. 

Profit.  To  the  actual  price  of  labor  and  materials  must  be  added 
the  profit  and  this  will  need  careful  consideration.  A  common  method 
is  to  add  a  lump  sum  to  the  estimated  cost  of  labor  and  materials, 
varying  with  locality  and  customer,  with  the  probable  sharpness  of 
competition  and  the  circumstances  of  the  contractor.  This  is  a  care- 
less method,  as  it  leaves  no  means  for  future  comparison  and  no  cer- 
tain knowledge  of  just  what  the  profits  of  a  given  job  are. 

Percentage.  A  better  way  is  to  base  the  profits  upon  a  per- 
centage of  the  estimated  cost.  This  will  vary,  in  ordinary  cases,  from 
ten  to  fifteen  per  cent,  ten  per  cent  being  the  least  that  should  be 
expected  on  any  work,  and  this  is  not  enough  for  small  contracts  of 
two  or  three  thousand  dollars;  but  for  large  work,  where  there  is  a 
great  duplication  of  parts  and  processes,  it  will  be  enough  in  most 
cases.  Some  contractors,  whose  workmen  are  required  to  perform 
especially  skilful  labor,  figure  fifteen  per  cent  on  all  labor  and  ten 
x»^r  cuit  on  materials. 

Duplicate  Parts.  The  matter  of  duplication  is  an  important 
factor  in  estimating,  as  a  considerable  saving  is  often  made  if  large 
quantities  of  material,  either  worked  or  unworked,  are  required ;  this 
is  especially  true  in  manufactured  parts,  such  as  doors  and  windows, 
columns,  balustrades,  etc.  Modern  machines  are  capable  of  dupli- 
cation with  astonishing  rapidity,  and  workmen  can  put  together 


ESTIMATING 


similar  parts  more  quickly  and  cheaply  than  variable  members. 

Transportation.  The  distance  of  the  work  from  the  shop  of  the 
contractor,  or  from  centers  of  manufacture,  will  ?iflect  the  cost  to  a 
marked  degree,  as  much  time  is  consumed  in  ceaming  and  especially 
in  handling  material  a  number  of  time?. 

If  communication  between  the  works  and  the  building  site  qan 
be  established  by  water,  it  will  usually  save  considerable  expense  for 
freight  and  handling,  with  perhaps  less  risk  of  damage,  and  conse- 
quently less  expense  for  crating  and  boxing.  A  careful  study  should 
be  made  of  the  means  of  transportation  to  each  different  building 
site  from  the  shop,  the  office,  and  the  mill,  and  the  data  kept  for  future 
reference,  subject  to  varying  rates  and  conditions,  to  change  of  seasons, 
and  amounts  to  be  transported. 

These  are  some  of  the  more  important  matters  which  require 
preliminary  consideration  as  affecting  all  estimates,  and  are  only  a 
small  part  of  the  real  questions  involved,  as  different  localities  and 
customs  require  different  treatment,  and  numerous  questions  will 
arise  to  confront  the  contractor,  all  of  which  may  be  successfully 
met,  as  we  have  seen,  by  the  exercise  of  care  and  judgment. 

Methods.  Estimates  are  formed  by  many  and  varying  methods, 
depending  upon  the  degree  of  accuracy  required,  the  capability  of 
the  contractor,  and  the  character  of  the  building.  A  broad  division 
may  be  made  between  approximate  estimates  and  accurate  detailed 
estimates,  only  the  latter  of  which  should  be  considered  when  it  is 
the  intention  to  actually  carry  out  the  work  under  a  definite  contract. 

Approximate  Estimates.  Approximate  estimates  are  obtained 
with  varying  degrees  of  accuracy  by  several  methods,  the  most  con- 
venient and  reliable  of  which  is  the  system  of  cubing;  i.e.,  the  cubical 
contents  of  the  proposed  building  is  obtained  and  multiplied  by  a 
given  price  per  cubic  foot.  This  rate  is  obtained  by  careful  com- 
parison of  the  plans  and  requirements  with  similar  buildings  which 
have  been  erected  under  conditions  as  like  as  possible  to  the  con- 
ditions under  which  the  proposed  building  can  be  erected. 

Several  methods  are  used  to  determine  the  cubical  units,  de- 
pending upon  the  size  and  shape  of  the  proposed  building.  One 
method  is  to  multiply  the  square  feet  in  the  plan  of  the  building  by 
the  height  from  half-way"  the  depth  of  foundations  to  half-way  up 
the  roof.  Another  system  uses  the  height  from  the  bottom  of  the 


ESTIMATING 


foundation,  and  another  obtains  the  actual  cubical  contents.  Any 
of  these  may  be  used  if  the  data  for  comparison  is  obtained  in  the  same 
way,  but  all  are  subject  to  important  variations  which  experience  and 
judgment  alone  will  determine.  For  instance,  if  the  contour  of  the 
building  is  very  uneven,  with  low  portions,  such  as  porches  and  sheds, 
and  high  portions,  such  as  towers  and  cupolas,  these  must  either  be 
omitted  from  the  whole  and  compared  separately,  or  a  lump  sum  be 
added  or  subtracted  according  to  the  size  and  elaboration  of  these 
members. 

Another  variation  arises  in  the  size  of  rooms,  giving  a  ratio  of 
partitions  and  division  walls  which  is  not  constant,  and  of  course  a 
large  building  with  many  duplicate  parts  will  require  a  different 
rating  from  a  smaller  one,  so  that  the  method  of  estimating  by  cubing 
is  at  best  approximate,  and  its  degree  of  accuracy  depends  largely 
upon  the  experience  and  judgment  of  the  contractor.  Even  long 
experience  will  afford  no  safe-guard  against  unusual  elaboration  of 
interior  or  exterior,  so  that  cube  rates  can  only  be  applied  to  buildings 
of  ordinary  character,  and  comparisons  are  only  reliable  between 
buildings  of  like  description  and  uses,  as  the  treatment  of  even  the 
same  materials  will  vary  largely  in  buildings  of  varying  uses. 

The  height  of  the  building  will  not  increase  the  cube  rate  pro- 
portionately, unless  the  internal  voids  are  alike,  although  it  is  cer- 
tain that  the  higher  one  builds  from  the  ground,  the  more  time  and 
expense  it  requires  to  put  the  material  in  place,  to  say  nothing  of 
thicker  walls  and  necessarily  heavier  construction. 

Estimating  by  the  Square.  A  convenient  method  of  estimating 
is  by  the  square  of  one  hundred  surface  feet.  This  is  especially 
applicable  to  office  buildings,  schools,  mills,  stables,  and  all  buildings 
where  the  floors  are  few  in  number  or  similar  in  plan.  For  one  story 
buildings  the  price  per  square  is  taken  to  include  the  roof,  walls,  floor, 
and  foundations,  but  for  buildings  of  two  or  more  stories  the  price 
per  square  should  be  taken  separately  for  each  floor,  the  lower  floor 
being  priced  to  include  the  foundations  and  the  top  floor  to  include 
the  roof. 

This  method  of  estimating  by  the  square  is  not  so  accurate  as 
by  cubical  contents,  but  the  results  are  often  more  convenient  and 
adaptable,  because  the  tabulation  of  the  square  area  of  the  various 
floors  may  be  easily  reduced  to  terms  of  accommodation  for  public 


ESTIMATING 


buildings  or  shops.  For  instance,  a  given  floor  area  in  a  school  house 
means  accommodation  for  a  certain  number  of  pupils;  in  a  church, 
a  certain  number  of  sittings ;  in  factories  for  the  manufacture  of 
staple  goods,  a  certain  number  of  machinQS  and  operatives. 

This  unit  of  accommodation  is  sometimes  carried  further,  and, 
by  the  reverse  process,  made  the  basis  of  another  method  of  estimating 
the  approximate  cost  of  such  buildings  as  the  above  mentioned,  i.e., 
schools,  churches,  factories,  hospitals,  etc.  This  is  also  a  method  by 
comparison,  the  known  data  being  supplied  by  previous  experience 
or  calculation,  and  it  is  often  valuable  as  a  means  of  determining  the 
approximate  cost  of  buildings  necessary  to  accommodate  a  given 
number  of  individuals  or  machines,  even  before  any  definite  plans  have 
been  drawn.  All  of  these  methods  are  approximate,  with  varying 
degrees  of  accuracy,  and  should  never  be  advanced  as  accurate,  or 
used  as  the  basis  of  a  contract,  unless  the  contractor  has  had  a  long 
and  varied  experience  and  feels  absolutely  certain  of  his  judgment, 
or  unless  a  proper  margin  is  added  for  possible  variations. 

Estimating  by  Quantities.  The  only  sure  and  correct  method 
of  estimating  is  by  taking  off  the  actual  quantities  in  detail  and  carry- 
ing out  the  prices  accurately  with  the  cost  of  labor,  the  percentage 
for  profit,  and  contingencies  added. 

For  this,  accurate  and  complete  drawings  and  specifications  are 
necessary  to  give  the  absolute  quantity  and  quality  of  materials  and 
labor.  The  various  items  are  then  taken  off,  similar  portions  grouped, 
the  amount  of  labor  estimated,  and  a  complete  and  classified  schedule 
prepared  and  priced  at  current  rates;  the  cost  of  transportation, 
board  of  men,  and  any  other  contingencies  noted,  a  percentage  of 
profit  added,  and  a  sum  total  reached  which  should  be  correct  if 
faithfully  done. 

This,  of  course,  takes  considerable  time,  but  is  well  worth  the 
expense  and  trouble  if  a  definite  contract  is  to  be  made. 

Preparation.  In  order  to  estimate  to  a  sufficient  degree  of 
accuracy,  some  things  other  than  the  possession  of  plans  and  speci- 
fications are  necessary.  A  visit  to  the  site  should  be  made,  to  ascer- 
tain the  nature  of  the  soil,  the  levels  of  the  lot,  the  distance  from  rail- 
road or  wharf,  the  condition  of  the  roads,  if  a  long  haul  is  necessary, 
and  the  preparation  of  the  site  necessary  to  receive  and  dispose  of 
materials.  Some  knowledge  should  be  obtained  of  the  nature  of 


6  ESTIMATING 


the  sub-soil,  the  presence  of  ledges  or  water  below  the  surface  which 
wf.l  require  especial  or  costly  treatment,  etc.  Often  a  deposit  of  sand 
will  be  found  upon  the  site  which  will  not  only  save  carting  away  of 
material  excavated,  but,  if  of  proper  quality,  it  may  be  used  for  the 
work.  Such  items  are  constantly  occurring  so  that  a  knowledge  of 
existing  conditions  will  be  of  great  advantage  to  the  estimator. 

Regarding  underground  conditions,  there  is  always  an  element  of 
chance,  as  the  most  thorough  examination  will  not  always  reveal 
hidden  perils;  the  author  knows  of  a  case  where  a  mason  had  con- 
tracted for  the  building  of  a  sewer,  and  was  in  a  fair  way  to  make  a 
good  profit,  when  a  narrow  vein  of  quicksand  was  uncovered,  to  over- 
come which  not  only  took  away  all  the  anticipated  profit  but  caused 
a  severe  loss  to'  the  contractor  besides. 

Ground  water  is  another  source  of  danger  and  it  will  be  well 
for  the  contractor  to  closely  examine  his  contract,  to  see  to  what  extent 
he  is  to  furnish  protection  from  this  source,  as  a  vein  of  water  which 
may  have  been  temporarily  stopped  or  diverted  by  the  operation  of 
building,  will  sometimes  unexpectedly  make  its  presence  known 
during  or  after  the  completion  of  the  work,  when  it  may  become  a 
source  of  great  annoyance  and  expense  to  the  contractor  if  he  has 
agreed  to  insure  a  waterproof  job.  Numerous  illustrations  could 
be  given  of  the  danger  from  unforeseen  causes  which  can  at  best  be 
only  partially  obviated  by  the  most  careful  examination. 

In  order  to  accurately  take  off  a  building  either  by  quantities, 
square  or  cube,  a  good  knowledge  of  arithmetic  is  necessary;  and, 
while  we  may  assume  that  the  reader  already  possesses  this  know- 
ledge, it  may  be  well  to  include  some  of  the  essential  rules  of  that 
branch  of  arithmetic  which  is  known  as  mensuration. 

This  consists  primarily  in  the  science  of  obtaining  definite  data 
regarding  given  figures  or  surfaces,  such  as  areas,  solids,  capacity, 
linear  dimensions,  and  comparisons  of  bodies. 

Definitions.  The  area,  or  superficial  dimension  of  any  figure 
is  the  measure  of  its  surface,  without  regard  to  its  thickness  or  any 
other  dimension. 

The  cubical  contents  of  any  figure  is  the  measure  of  its  solidity, 
or  whole  capacity,  and  has  reference  to  the  three  dimensions,  length, 
breadth,  and  thickness. 


ESTIMATING 


If  the  figure  is  considered  as  hollow,  then  the  cubical  contents 
becomes  its  capacity  or  capability  of  containing  matter. 

The  linear  dimension  of  a  figure  is  expressed  by  its  length  in  a 
direct  line  in  any  direction  and  has  no  regard  to  breadth  or  thickness. 

Units.  The  application  of  these  dimensions  is  made  by  fixing 
a  unit  by  which  the  figure  may  be  compared  and  the  required  dimen- 
sion obtained;  thus,  for  calculating  the  area  of  a  figure  the  unit  is 
usually  a  square,  one  side  of  which  is  the  unit  of  length,  and  the  area 
becomes  the  square  measure  of  the  figure. 

This  is  expressed  in  common  terms  by  square  inch,  square  foot, 
square  yard,  or  any  other  given  unit  and  the  measure  of  the  surface  is 
computed  by  obtaining  the  number  of  these  square  units  which  are 
contained  in  the  figure,  the  process  being  called  squaring. 

In  a  similar  manner  the  cubical  contents  or  solidity  of  a  figure 
is  obtained  by  computing  the  number  of  cubical  units  which  it  con- 
tains, which  is  called  cubing  it. 

Rules.  Numerous  rules  have  been  adopted  for  obtaining  these 
dimensions  when  given  dimensions  are  known,  and  a  tabulation  of 
some  of  the  more  important  and  useful  of  these  follows,  by  means 
of  which  it  is  hoped  that  the  student  may  be  able  to  solve  most  of  the 
ordinary  problems  which  will  arise  in  common  practice. 

RULES  AND  TABLES 
TABLE  OF    MULTIPLES 


Circumference  of  a  circle 
Area  of  a  circle 

Area  of  a  circle 

Area  of  a  circle 

Area  of  a  circle 


Radius 
Radius 
Diameter 
Diameter 


of  a  circle 
of  a  circle 
of  a  circle 
of  a  circle 


Side  of  an  inscribed  square 
Side  of  an  inscribed  square 
Side  of  an  equal  square 
Area  of  a  triangle 


diameter  X  3.1416 
square  of  the  radius  X  3.1416 
square  of  the  diameter  X  0.7854 
square  of  the  circumference  X  0.07958 
half   the   circumference    X    half   the 

diameter 

circumference  X  0.159155 
square  root  of  the  area  X  0.56419 
circumference  X  0.31831 
square  root  of  area  X  1.12838 
diameter  X  0.7071 
circumference  X-  0.2251 
diameter  X  0.8862 
base  by  -J-  the  altitude 


8 


ESTIMATING 


Area  of  an  ellipse 
Surface  of  a  sphere 
Surface  of  a  sphere 
Surface  of  a  sphere 
Solid  contents  of  a  sphere     = 
Solid  contents  of  a  sphere     = 
Diameter          of  a  sphere     = 
Diameter          of  a  sphere     = 
Circumference  of  a  sphere    = 
Solid  contents  of  a  cone  or 

pyramid 

Surface  of  a  cube 
Area  of  trapezoid 

NOTE— Volumes  of  similar 
their  similar  lines. 


product  of  both  diameters  X  .7854 
circumference  X  diameter 
square  of  the  diameter  X  3.1416 
square  of  the  circumference  X  0.3183 
surface  X  i  °f  its  diameter 
cube  of  diameter  X  0.5236 
square  root  of  surface  X  0.56419 
cube  root  of  solidity  X  1.2407 
cube  root  of  solidity  X  3.8978 

area  of  base  X  J  altitude 

six  X  area  of  one  side 

altitude  X  2  sum  of  parallel  sides 

solids  are  to  each  other  as  the  cubes  of 


MEASURE  OF   LINES  AND    SURFACE 

1.     To  find  the  area  of  a  parallelogram:    Rule — Multiply  the 
length  by  the  breadth  or  perpendicular  height.     See  Fig.  1 


Area-abxbc 


Area  =  <ae  x  be 
Fig.  1. 


2.  To  find  the  area  of  a  triangle:    Rule — Multiply  the  base 
by  half  the  altitude.     See  Fig.   2. 

3.  To  find  the  hypothenuse  of  a  right-angled  triangle  when 
the  base  and  perpendicular  are  known:    Rule — Add  together  the 
square  of  the   known   sides   and   extract   the   square   root   of   the 
sum.     See  Fig.  3. 

4.  To  find  one  side  of  a  right-angled  triangle  when  the  hy- 
pothenuse and  the  other  side  are  known:    Rule — From  the  square 
of  the   hypothenuse  subtract   the    square  of  the  given   side,  and 


ESTIMATING 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  5. 


10 


ESTIMATING 


the  square  root  of  the  remainder  will  be  the  other  side.     See  Fig.  4. 

5.  To  find  the  area  of  a  trapezium:    Rule— Divide  the  figure 
into  triangles  by  drawing  a  diagonal  and  the  sum  of  the  areas  of 
these  triangles  will  be  the  area  of  the  trapezium.     See  Fig.  5. 

6.  To  find  the  area  of  a  trapezoid:    Rule — Add  the  two  par- 
allel sides  and  mutliply  by  one-half  the  perpendicular  distance  between 
them.     See  Fig.  6. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7. 


7.  To  find  the  area  of  a  regular  polygon:  Rule — Multiply 
one  side  by  half  its  perpendicular  distance  from  the  center,  and 
this  product  by  the  number  of  sides. 

Table  of  Multiples  to  Compute  Measurements  of  Regular  Polygons,  the 
Side  of  the  Polygon  Being  Unity 


NAME  OF  POLYGON 

No.  or 
SIDES 

A 
AREA 

B 

RADIUS  OP 
CIRCUM- 
SCRIBING 
CIRCLE 

c 
LENGTH 

OF  THE 

SIDE. 

D 

RADIUS  OF 
INSCRIBED 
CIRCLE 

Triangle 

3 

0  433013 

0  5773 

1.732 

0.2887 

Tetragon  .        ... 

4 

1 

0  7071 

1.4142 

0.5 

Pentagon  . 

5 

1  720477 

0  8506 

1.1756 

0.6882 

Hexagon  

6 

2  598076 

1 

1 

0.866 

Heptagon  

7 

3  633912 

1.1524 

0.8677 

1.0383 

Octagon  

8 

4.828427 

1.3066 

0.7653 

1.2071 

Nonagon  

9 

6.181824 

1.4619 

0.684 

1.3737 

Decagon  

10 

7.694209 

1.618 

0.618 

1.5383 

Undecagon  

11 

9.36564 

1.7747 

0.5634 

1.7028 

Dodecagon  

12 

11.196152 

1.9319 

0.5176 

1.866 

8.  To  find  the  area  of  a  regular  polygon  when  the  length 
of  a  side  only  is  given:    Rule — Multiply  the  square  of  the  side  by 
the  number  opposite  the  name  of  the  polygon  in  Column  A. 

9.  To   find   the  radius  of  a  circumscribing  circle  when   the 


ESTIMATING 


II 


length  of  a  side  only  is  given :    Rule — Multiply  the  length  of  a  side  of 
the  polygon  by  the  number  in  Column  B. 

10.  To  find  the  length  of  side  of  a 
polygon  that   is  contained  in    a   given 
circle,  when  the  radius  of  the  circle  is 
known:    Rule — Multiply   the  radius  of 
the   circle  by  the  number  opposite  the 
name  of  the  polygon  in  Column  C. 

11.  To  find  the  radius  of  a   circle 

that  can  be  inscribed  in  a  given  poly-     Are<l=£lb)-(cd)x.7854- 

gon,  when  the  length  of  a  side  is  given : 

Rule — Multiply  the  length  of  a  side  of  the 

polygon  by  the  number  opposite  the  name  of  the  polygon  in  Column  D. 


Fig.  8. 


Lateral  Area  =2  ac 

Fig.  9. 

12.  To  find  the  area  of  an  irregular  polygon:  Rule — Divide 
the  polygon  into  triangles  and  add  the  areas  of  all 
the  triangles.  Fig.  7. 

13.  To  find  the  area  of   a. ring  included  be- 
tween the  circumferences  of  two  concentric  cir- 
cles:   Rule — Square  the  diameters  and  multiply 
difference  between  the  squares  by  .7854.     Fig.  8. 

14.  To  find  the   area   of    an  ellipse:    Rule — 
Flg'  ^pyramid™111  °f    Multiply  the  two  axes  together  and  the  product 

multiplied  by  .7854  will  be  the  area. 
15.    To   find  the   circumference  of  an  ellipse:     Rule — Square 


12 


ESTIMATING 


AREAS  OF  CIRCLES 


SIZE 

AREA 

SIZE 

AREA 

SIZE 

AREA 

Sizt. 

AREA 

0.0123 

10 

78.54 

30 

706.86 

65 

3318.3 

0.0491 

* 

86.59 

31 

754.76 

66 

3421.2 

0.1104 

11 

95.03 

32 

804.24 

67 

3525.6 

0.1963 

* 

103.86 

33 

855.30 

68 

3631.6 

0.3067 

12 

113.09 

34 

907.92 

69 

3739.2 

0.4417 

* 

122.71 

35 

962.11 

70 

3848.4 

0.6013 

13 

132.73 

36 

1017.8 

71 

3959.2 

1 

0.7854 

* 

143.13 

37 

1075.2 

72 

4071.5 

0.9940 

14 

153.93 

38 

1134.1 

73 

4185.3 

1.227 

* 

165.13 

39 

1194.5 

74 

4300.8 

1.484 

15 

176.71 

40 

1256.6 

75 

4417.8 

1.767 

i 

188.69 

41 

1320.2 

76 

4536.4 

2.073 

16 

201.06 

42 

1385.4 

77 

4656.0 

2.405 

* 

213.82 

43 

1452.2 

78 

4778.3 

2.761 

17 

226.98 

44 

1520.5 

79 

4901.6 

2 

3.141 

* 

240.52 

45 

1590.4 

80 

5026.5 

i 

3.976 

18 

254.46 

46 

1661.9 

81 

5153.0 

4.908 

i 

268.80 

47 

1734.9 

82 

5281.0 

| 

5.939 

19 

283.52 

48 

1809.5 

83 

5410.6 

3 

7.068 

* 

298.64 

49 

1885.7 

84 

5541.7 

8.295 

20 

314.16 

50 

1963.5 

85 

5674.5 

£ 

9.621 

* 

330.06 

51 

2042.8 

86 

5808.8 

2 

11.044 

21 

346.36 

52 

2123.7. 

87 

5944.6 

4 

12.566 

* 

363.05 

53 

2206.1 

88 

6082.1 

i 

15.904 

22 

380.13 

54 

2290.2 

89 

6221.1 

5 

19.635 

* 

397.60 

55 

2375.8 

90 

6361.7 

i 

23.758 

23 

415.47 

56 

2463.0 

91 

6503.8 

6 

28.274 

i 

433.73 

57 

2551.7 

92 

6647.6 

i 

33.183 

24 

452.39 

58 

2642.0 

93 

6792.9 

7 

38.484 

i 

471.43 

59 

2733.9 

94 

6939.7 

i 

44.178 

25 

490.87 

60 

2827.4 

95 

7088.2 

8 

50.265 

26 

530.93 

61 

2922.4 

96 

7238.2 

i 

56.745 

27 

572.55 

62 

3019.0 

97 

7389.8 

9 

63.617 

28 

615.75 

63 

3117.2 

98 

7542.9 

* 

70.882 

29 

660.52 

64 

3216.9 

99 

7697.7 

To  find  the  circumference  of  a  circle  when  diameter  is  given,  multiply  thegiven  diam- 
eter by  3.1416. 

To  find  the  diameter  of  a  circle  when  circumference  is  given,  multiply  the  given  cir 
cu inference  by  .31831. 

the  two  axes  and  multiply  the  square  root  of  half  their  sum  by  3.1416. 

AREAS  OF  SOLIDS 

16.  To  find  the  lateral   surface   of  a  prism:    Rule — Multiply 
the  perimeter  of  the  base  by  the  altitude. 

17.  To  find  the  lateral  surface  of  a  regular  pyramid:   Rule — 
Multiply   the  perimeter    of    the  base  by  one-half   the  slant  height. 
Fig.  9.  ' 

18.  To  find  the  lateral  surface  of  the  frustrum   of  a  regular 
pyramid:    Rule — Multiply  the  perimeters  of  the  two  ends  by  one- 
half  the  slant  height.     Fig.  10. 


ESTIMATING  13 


SOLID  CONTENTS 

19.  To    find    the  solid    contents    of  a    pyramid:    Rule — Find 
the  area  of  the  base  and  multiply  this  by  J  height. 

20.  To  find  the  solid  contents  of  a  cylinder:  Rule — Multiply 
the  area  of  the  base  by  the  height. 

21.  To  find   the  solid   contents  of    a  cone:  Rule — Multiply 
the  area  of  the  base  by  J  of  the  height. 

22.  To  find  the  solid  contents  of    a  sphere:  Rule — Multiply 
the  cube  of  the  diameter  by  .5236. 

SCALE  OF  WAGES 

The  item  of  cost  of  labor,  on  construction  of  any  kind,  is  at 
best  a  variable  quantity,  dependent  to  a  large  degree  upon  com- 
petition, demand,  and  labor  organization. 

The  cost  of  labor  is  steadily  on  the  increase,  while  the  hours 
of  labor  are  continually  decreasing.  The  tendency  in  both  direc- 
tions operates  to  a  certain  degree  to  lessen  the  effective  power  of 
labor,  so  that  the  amount  of  work  done  in  a  day  is  not  what  it  repre- 
sented a  few  years  ago. 

The  various  schedules  given  in  the  following  pages  are  based 
upon  the  current  price  of  labor  in  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1906,  and  while 
this  is  likely  to  be  upset  somewhat  by  a  general  advance  in  1907, 
there  is  not  likely  to  be  a  great  difference  for  some  time.  Blank 
spaces  are  left  in  these  columns  so  that  the  student  or  contractor 
can  fill  in  local  or  varying  prices  of  labor. 

Wages,  Per  Day  of  Eight  Hours,  in  Various  Trades,  Boston,  Mass.,  1906 

Carpenters  $3 . 28 .  .  /"  rf.  . . . 

Stone  Masons  4.50.  .7.  .T. . . . 

Brick  Masons  4 . 80 .  .  ?.  .77  . . . 

Hod  Carriers  2 . 40 .  .  £ .  77". . . 

Plasterers  5.00.  ...<?.T7. . . 

Plasterers'  Helpers  3 . 00 .  .  .frr  . . . 

Lathers  4.50.  . .  #f?. . . 

Quarrymen  (9-hour  day)  2 . 50 

Stone  Cutters  4.00 

Tile  Setters  4.80 

Tile  Helpers  2.60 


14  ESTIMATING 


Roofers 

S3  50      -£  ~r  . 

Roofers'  Helpers 

2.25...J.£r.  .. 

Steam  Fitters 

4  40.  .   *?.  * 

Steam  Fitters'  Helpers 

2  25 

Plumbers 

440...7:d 

Plumbers'  Helpers 

1  50 

Gas  Fitters 
Gas  Fitters'  Helpers 

4.40.  ..  .//'.  .  . 
2.25  

Electricians 
Painters 

3.60  
3.00.  .  '.'.</£ 

EXCAVATION 

Many  considerations,  seen  and  unforeseen,  enter  into  the  cost 
of  excavations,  of  which  the  unforeseen  conditions  can,  at  best, 
be  only  judged  of,  making  it  more  important  that  known  circum- 
stances should  be  carefully  considered.  Among  these  may  be  men- 
tioned the  varying  kinds  of  soil  and  rock,  the  depth  to  which  the 
excavation  can  be  carried  without  shoring,  the  distance  to  which 
the  excavated  material  is  to  be  carried,  and  whether  pumping  or 
bailing  will  be  necessary.  Material  excavated  to  a  depth  of  six 
feet  can  be  thrown  on  to  the  surface,  but  below  this  depth  a  stage 
will  be  necessary,  or  else  it  must  be  carted  or  wheeled  out. 

In  taking  off  quantities  for  excavation,  work  in  trenches  should 
be  kept  separate  from  large  areas,  as  the  cost  will  be  greater  on 
account  of  lack  of  room  for  working. 

Where  the  nature  of  the  soil  is  uncertain,  borings  should  be 
made  or  test  pits  dug,  not  only  to  reveal  the  character  of  the  material, 
but  to  determine  the  depth  at  which  "hard  pan"  is  to  be  found. 
This  is  especially  necessary  when  the  specifications  call  for  the 
foundations  of  any  structure  to  be  carried  to  hard  pan,  without 
reference  to  the  drawings,  or  when  no  definite  depth  of  footing 
is  shown. 

In  the  absence  of  full  instructions,  it  is  best  to  figure  to  excavate 
a  foot  outside  of  all  walls  or  footings,  to  give  ample  working  room; 
and  trenches  for  pipes,  etc.,  should  be  enough  wider  than  the  pipe 
to  allow  of  working  all  around.  Hollows  should  be  made  where 
hubs  rest,  so  as  to  give  a  full  bearing  for  the  pipe. 


ESTIMATING 


15 


In  taking  quantities  in  irregular  ground,  the  plot  should  be 
divided  into  a  number  of  definite  squares  and  the  contents  of  each 
square  taken  separately.  See  Fig.  11. 

Cost  of  Excavating.  The  cost  of  excavating  varies  in  different 
localities  and  under  differing  conditions,  no  two  cases  agreeing  in 
details  or  in  execution.  The  governing  factors  are  experience  and 
judgment.  Excavating  is  usually  priced  by  the  cubic  yard  and 
will  average  about  as  follows: 

Picking— 12  cu.  yds.  per  day  at  $2 .40  $0 . 20 

Throwing  out — 12  cu.  yds.  per  day  at  $2.40      .20 
Wheeling  50  ft.  away  .  10 


Fig.  11.    Division  of  plot. 


$0.50 


Excavations   in  clay  or  very  hard  soil  may  cost  from  $0.50  to 
$1.00  while  rock  excavations-  will  cost  from  $2.00  to  $10.00,  or  more, 
according  to  the  nature  and 
position  of  the  rock.     Re-fill- 
ing and  packing  around  walls 
will  cost  usually  from  J  to  \ 
of  the  price  of  earth  excava- 
tions.    Excavation    of    sand 
or  loose  gravel,  which  can  be 
done  by  means  of  a  horse  scraper,  will  cost  $0.30  per  cu.  yd. 

Pile  Foundations.  The  cost  of  piling  varies  with  the  nature 
of  the  soil  and  the  length  of  pile  necessary.  Taking  a  30-ft.  pile 
as  an  average  length,  then  piles  30  ft.  long,  driven  and  cut  off  level 
to  receive  footings,  will  cost  $3.50  to  $4.00  per  pile. 

STONE  WORK 

Stone  walls  are  figured  either  by  the  perch  or  the  cubic  yard. 

In  taking  off  a  stone  foundation,  it  is  customary  to  take  the 
corners  twice,  that  is,  each  different  face  of  the  wall  is  measured 
from  out  to  out,  thus  doubling  the  corners.  This  makes  up  for 
the  extra  labor  of  laying  up  the  corners. 

The  cost  of  a  perch  of  rubble  foundations  laid  in  Rosendale 
cement  mortar,  1  to  3,  may  be  taken  as  follows: 


16  ESTIMATING 


1  perch  of  stone 
J  barrel  cement  at  $1  .  20 

$1.25 
.60 

J  load  sand         at    1  .  75 

.29 

J  day,  mason      at    4  .  50 

J  day,  laborer     at    2.40 
\ 
Total  cost  per  perch 

1.50 
.60 

$4.24 

A  perch  of  rubble  wall  laid  in  Portland  cement  mortar,  1  to  3, 
will  cost: 

1  perch  of  stone  $1 . 25 

J  barrel  Portland  cement  at  $2 . 10  1 .05 

£  load  sand                          at  $1.75  .29 

J  day,  mason                        at    4 . 50  1 . 50 

I  day,  laborer                       at    2.40  .80 

Total  cost  per  perch  $4.89 

Cut  Stone.  Cut  stonework  is  figured  by  the  cubic  foot,  the 
prices  differing  according  to  the  amount  of  labor  involved  in  the 
cutting;  and  this  will  depend  somewhat  upon  the  nature  of  the 
stone,  a  hard  stone  being  more  expensive  to  prepare  than  a  soft 
one.  The  principal  kinds  of  stone  used  in  building  are  granite, 
limestone,  sandstone,  marble,  and  bluestone. 

Granite.  Granite  is  one  of  the  hardest  stones  to  quarry  and 
prepare,  and,  on  account  of  its  cost  it  is  not  so  freely  used  as  lime- 
stone or  marble.  Granite  in  rough  blocks  from  the  quarry  will 
cost  45  to  60  cents  a  cubic  foot,  the  cutting  of  beds  and  joints  will 
cost  25  cents  for  each  square  foot  of  surface  so  treated.  If  the 
face  is  pitched  off  to  a  line  with  rock  face,  it  will  cost  25  cents  per 
square  foot,  while  hammering  in  8-cut  work  will  cost  70  cents  per 
square  foot.  Quincy  granite  will  cost,  in  the  rough,  about  double 
this,  or  $1.20  per  cubic  foot;  the  cutting  will  cost  one-third  more. 

From  this  data  we  may  deduce  the  following  scale: 

Granite,  in  rough  blocks  at  quarry,        per  cu.  ft.  $0.60 

Add  for  beds  and  joints                           per  sq.  ft.  .25 

Add  for  rock  face,  pitched  off  to  a  line,  per  sq.  ft.  .25 

Add  for  8-cut  work                                  per  sq.  ft.  .70 

Hence  the  facing  of  an  average  wall  with  8  inches  of  granite 


ESTIMATING 


17 


will  cost,  if  the  stones  are  about  2  feet  x  3  feet,  or  6  surface  feet  in 

each  block: 

Stock,  4  cu.  ft.  at  .60  $2.40 

Beds  and  end  joints  2§  sq.  ft.  at  .25  .67 

Rock  face  6  sq.  ft.  at  .25  1.50 


Cost  of  6  superficial  ft. 
or  76J-  cents  per  square  foot. 


.57 


If  the  same  were  finished  in  8-cut  work,  the  cost  of  finishing  the 
surface  would  be  70  cents  a  square  foot 
instead  of  25  cents,  making  the  cost  per 
square  foot  45  cents  more,  or  about  $1.21 
a  square  foot. 

Limestone.     Limestone  is  used  to  a 
large  extent,  especially  in  conjunction  with 
brick,  for  trimnrngs  for  various  kinds  of 
buildings.     Limestone   will   cost   at    the 
quarry  about  30  cents  a  cubic  foot ;  this 
will   apply   to   Indiana    limestone    only. 
Lake.  Superior  redstone  will  cost  35  cents; 
Ohio  sandstone,  50  cents.     In  estimating,  Fig  13    Limestone  window  Set. 
about  20  per  cent  should  be  added  for  waste,  5  per  cent  quarry  waste, 
and  15  per  cent  for  cutting  waste: 

*  Prices  of  Common  Shapes  of  Limestone 

Water  table,  8  in.  x  12  in.                  per  lineal  foot  $1 .50 

Steps,  7  in.  x  14  in.  without  nosing,  per  lineal  foot  1 . 50 

Steps,  7  in.  x  14  in.  with  nosing        per  lineal  foot  2.50 

Door  sills,  8  in.  x  12  in.                       per  lineal  foot  1 .25 

Window  sills,  5  in.  x  12  in.                 per  lineal  foot  1  .00 

Window  sills,  5  in.  x  8  in.                   per  lineal  foot  .75 

Window  caps,  4  in.  x  10  in.                 per  lineal  foot  .70 

Window  caps,  8  in.  x  12  in.                 per  lineal  foot  1 .00 

Wall  coping,  5  in.  x  20  in.                   per  lineal  foot  1  .50 

Platforms  and  large  slabs,  6  in.  thick,  per  sq.  ft.  2.00 

*  Window  Sets.     A  common  use  of  limestone  is  in  the  form  of 
window  sets,  consisting  of  a  flat  arch  in  three  pieces  with  keystone, 
and  a  light  sill,  as  shown  in  Fig.  12. 

*  These  prices  are  based  on  a  freight  charge  of  $0.55  per  cu.  ft.  to  Boston. 
The  freight  on  L.ake  Superior  stone  is  .55 

The  freight  on  Ohio  stone  .41 


18  ESTIMATING 


The  rise  of  these  caps  is  about  10  inches,  and  the  rise  of  the  sill  5 
inches.  These  sets  for  an  average  sized  window,  say  4-foot  opening, 
will  cost  for  a  4-inch  reveal  $10,  and  for  an  eight-inch  reveal  SI 5. 

Sandstone.  The  cost  of  dressed  sandstone  is  about  10  per 
cent  more  than  that  of  limestone. 

Setting.  The  cost  of  setting  cut  stone  may  be  taken  at  15 
cents  a  running  foot  for  window  trimmings  and  ashlar  work,  and 


Fig.  13.    Seam-Faced  Granite  Wall. 

20  cents  for  platforms,  water  table,  steps,  etc.     Trimming  and  fit- 
ting at  the  building  will  cost  about  10  cents  per  cubic  foot. 

The  foregoing  prices  are  based  upon  quarry-men's  wages  at 
$2.50  per  day,  and  stone  cutters'  wages  at  $4.00  per  day. 

Much  of  the  cutting  and  finishing  of  stone  is  done  by  machin- 
ery, so  that  the  question  uf  wages  will  not  enter  into  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  stock  so  largely  as  in  many  other  branches. 

Marble.  A  more  expensive  stone  to  use  is  marble,  which  can  be 
obtained  in  a  variety  of  colors,  in  different  parts  of  the  country.  The 
price  of  marble  differs  in  different  localities  but  for  general  purposes 


ESTIMATING  19 


may  be  taken  as  about  double  the  figures  which   we  have  quoted  for 
limestone. 

Bluestone.  Bluestone  is  used  in  the  East  mainly  for  flagging,  cop- 
ings, etc.,  but  is  used  to  a  considerable  extent  for  building,  in  Central 
and  Western  sections.  The  price  of  bluestone  flagging  3  inches  thick 
with  trimmed  joints  and  face  planed  arid  dressed,  will  be  65  cents 
a  square  foot;  with  natural  face,  35  cents  to  45  cents.  Bluestone 
ashlar  8  inches  thick  with  natural  face  and  dressed  joints,  will  cost 
$1. 00  per  square  foot,  and  15  cents  a  square  foot  for  setting. 

Seam-Faced  Granite.  In  some  localities  granite,  lying  in  up- 
turned strata  with  open  weathered  seams,  is  to  be  obtained.  This 
is  used  for  facing  walls  in  ashlar  work,  being  set  on  edge  in  the  wall 
with  the  seam-face  showing;  thip  will  cost,  in  place,  4-inch  to  8-inch 
thick,  from  60  cents  to  75  cents  a  superficial  foot.  See  Fig.  13. 

BRICKWORK 

Brickwork  is  usually  estimated  by  the  thousand  bricks,  but  is 
sometimes  priced  by  the  cubic  foot  at  40  cubic  feet  to  a  thousand. 
A  mason  in  one  day  will  lay  ffom  800  to  1,000  common  bricks,  or  300 
to  400  face  bricks. 

The  number  of  bricks  in  a  wall  may  be  found  by  multiplying  the 
superficial  area  by  7J  for  each  4  inches  of  the  thickness  of  the  wall. 
Openings  of  the  size  of  ordinary  windows  are  generally  deducted, 
but  very  small  openings  will  cost  more  to  make  than  the  deduc- 
tion. An  allowance  for  breakage  should  be  made  of  5  per  cent. 

Mortar.  Bricks  are  laid  in  mortar  made  of  lime  or  cement, 
according  to  the  strength  required.  Lime  mortar  should  not  be  used 
in  damp  situations,  or  where  great  strength  is  required.  The  dif- 
ference in  cost  of  lime  and  cement  mortar  is  so  little  that  cement 
mortar  is  generally  used. 

The  building  laws  of  some  cities  require  brick  work  to  be  laid 
in  cement  mortar  for  a  certain  part  of  the  height. 

Cement  mortar  makes  a  darker  joint,  but  where  a  white  joint  is 
required  it  can  be  obtained,  without  loss  of  strength,  by  using  Port- 
land cement  and  lime  mortar. 

Cost.  The  cost  of  brickwork  by  the  thousand  in  various  kinds 
of  mortar  may  be  analyzed  as  follows: 


20  ESTIMATING 


In  1  —  3  lime  mortar, 
1,000  bricks 

3  bu.  lime  at  $.36  per  bu. 
\  load  of  sand  at  $1 . 75  per  load 
10  hours,  mason  at  $.60  per  hour 
10  hours,  tender  at  $.30  per  hour 


$19.96 


In  1  -  3  Rosendale  cement  mortar: 

1,000  bricks  $9.00 

1 J  bbl.  Rosendale  cement  at  $1.20  1 . 80 

\  load  sand  .88 

10  hours,  mason  at  $.60  per  hour  6 . 00 

10  hours,  tender  at  $.30  per  hour  3 . 00 


$20.68 

In  1  -  3  Portland  cement  mortar : 

1,000 bricks  $  9.00 

1 }  bbl.  Portland  cement  at  $2.  ip  2.62 

\  load  sand  at  $1.75  .88 

10  hours,  mason  at  $.60  per  hour  6.00 

10  hours,  tender  at  $.30  per  hour  3 . 00 


$21.50 

From  these  tables  we  may  deduce  an  approximate  estimate  in 
round  numbers  as  follows: 

1 ,000  bricks  laid  in  1  -  3  lime  mortar  $20 . 00 

1 ,000  bricks  laid  in  1  -  3  cement  mortar  21 . 00 

1 ,000  bricks  laid  in  1  -  3  Portland  cement  mortar    22 . 00 

So  that,  on  a  job  of  ordinary  size,  the  difference  between  lime 
and  cement  mortar  ought  not  to  be  considered,  where  cement  mortar 
will  give  assurance  of  greater  stability. 

Face  Bricks.  Face  bricks  in  great  variety,  are  to  be  had  either 
plain  or  moulded,  and  in  a  variety  of  colors.  On  ordinary  face 
brickwork  a  mason  with  tender  will  lay  about  300  to  400  bricks  in 
a  day. 


ESTIMATING  21 


Faced  bricks  cost  from  $25.00  to  $50.00  per  thousand;  a  good 
average  brick  can  be  secured  for  $32.00.  This  will  make  the  price  for 
a  thousand,  laid,  about  as  follows: 

1,000 face  bricks  $32.00 

IJbu.  lime  at  $.36  .45 

i  load  fine  sand  at  $1 .75  . 88 

3  days,  mason  at  $4.80  14 . 40 

1J days,  tender  at  $2.40  3.60 

$51.33 

From  this  we  find  that  1,000  face  bricks  can  be  laid  in  the  wall 
for  $51.33  of  which  $33.33  goes  for  stock  and  $18.00  for  labor. 

Enameled  bricks  are  to  be  had  in  various  colors,  white  and  buff 
being  the  most  common.  These  bricks  cost  from  $50.00  to  $60.00 
per  M. 

Concrete.  Concrete  is  used  to  a  great  extent  now  for  footings, 
walls,  piers,  etc.  The  cost  of  concrete  is  not  a  great  deal  different 
from  stone  for  foundations  and  if  there  is  uncovered  a  deposit  of 
suitable  sand  and  gravel,  as  is  sometimes  the  case,  it  can  be  put  in 
at  a  less  price  than  a  granite  footing. 

Concrete  with  a  reinforcement  of  steel  is  used  in  various  forms 
for  piers,  floors,  and  walls. 

The  cost  of  a  cubic  yard  of  concrete,  using  the  proportion  of 
1-3  and  6,  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

1  bbl.  Portland  cement  $2.10 

3  bbl.  sand  .75 

6  bbl.  broken  stone  2.00 

Mason,  2  hours  at  $.60  per  hour  1 . 20 

Laborer,  4  hours  at  $.30  per  hour  1.20 

"$7^25 

Cellar  concrete  3  inches  thick  will  cost  $.60  to  $.75  per  square 
yard  in  place.  Concrete  of  Rosendale  cement  can  be  put  in  at  less 
cost,  being  for  foundation  walls  about  $6.00  per  cubic  yard;  for 
piers  $6.50  per  cubic  yard. 


22  ESTIMATING 


MISCELLANEOUS  DATA 

CHIMNEYS 

Chimneys  may  be  quickly  estimated  by  the  lineal  foot  of  height, 
as  follows: 

1  flue  8  in.  x    8  in.  per  foot  $0.90  with  flue  lining  $1.10 
1     "     8  in.  x  12  in.  per  foot     1.00     "       "        "        1.25 

1  "  12  in.  x!2  in.  per  foot     1.20      "      "         "        1.50 

2  flues  8  in.  x    8  in.  per  foot     1.40      "      "         "        1.80 
2     "     8  in.  x  12  in.  per  foot     1.75      "      "          "        2.20 

FLUE  LINING 

Net  price  per  foot,  outside  dimensions. 

4J  in.x    8J  inches   $.10  8J  in.  x  17J  inches  $.32 

4J  in.  x!3        "         .16  13    in.x  13        "         .30 

8J  in.  x   8J      "         .16  13    in.x  18         "         .42 

8J  in.x  13       "          .22  18    in.x  18        "         .70 
For  openings  add  one-third. 

MASONS'  SUPPLIES 

Portland  Cement  $  2.10  per  bbl. 

Rosendale  Cement  1.20     "      " 

Extra  Lime  for  Skimming  1.15     "      " 

No.  1  Lime  for  Mortar  1.05     "      " 

Vermont  Lime  1.20     "      " 

Plaster,  250  Ib.  bbls.  1.60     "      " 

Mortar  Color,  Red,  in  bbls.  .01]  per  Ib. 

Mortar  Color,  Red,  in  100  or  200  Ib.  keg        .01}     "     " 

Mortar  Color,  black  .Q3J    "     u 
Philadelphia  Pressed  Brick,  for  fireplaces     35.00  per  M. 

Fire  Brick  35.00    "    " 

Best  Plastering  Hair  .25  per  bush. 

Mortar  Hods  1 . 50  each 

Brick  Hods  1.25     " 

10-in.  Mortar  Hoes  .50     " 
Good  No.  2  Shovels,  square  point,  plain  back    .  75      " 

Sand  Screens,  wood  leg  6'.  00     " 

Bolted  Dump  Barrows  2.00     " 


ESTIMATING  23 


Metal  Corner  Bead  $0.04  per  ft. 

Iron  Rim  and  Cover,  20  in.  diameter  3.50  each 

"       "  "        18  in.         "  3.00      " 

"       "  "        15  in.         "  2.50      " 

CELLAR   COLUMNS 

For  cellar  support^,  in  place  of  brick  piers,  pipe  columns  con- 
sisting of  a  steam  pipe  filled  with  cement,  under  a  patent,  are  coming 
into  general  use  in  many  localities. 

These  columns  cost  less,  and  take  up  less  room  than  a  brick 
pier  of  equal  strength.  The  prices  are  as  follows : 


SIZE, 

7  FT. 

8  FT. 

9  FT. 

10  Ft. 

3    in. 

$1.65 

$1.90 

$2.20 

$2.65 

34  in. 

1.90 

2.20 

2.65 

3.15 

4    in. 

2.75 

3.25 

3.80 

4.40 

44  in. 

4.00 

5.00 

5.50 

6.00 

5    in. 

5.00 

5.85 

6.65 

7.55 

6    in. 

6.00 

6.95 

8.00 

9.30 

EARTHEN    DRAIN   PIPE 

For  sewer  and  cesspool  connections  and  general  drainage, 
earthen  vitrified  drain  pipes  are  used.  These  are  laid  in  cement  and, 
if  well  below  frost  or  danger  of  breaking,  make  a  more  durable  pipe 
than  cast  iron,  besides  being  much  less  costly. 

Net  Price  of  Standard  Vitrified  Pipe 

INSIDE  DIAMETER 

2  in. 

3  in. 

4  in. 

5  in. 

6  in. 
Sin. 

10  in. 
12  in. 
15  in. 
18  in. 


PRICE  PER  FOOT 

BENDS  AND  CURVES 

WEIGHT  PER  FOOT 

$0 

.05 

$0. 

17 

6 

Ibs. 

.05 

. 

17 

8 

tt 

.07 

. 

23 

10 

tt 

.08| 

. 

30 

12 

tt 

.10 

, 

38 

16 

<< 

.17 

j 

70 

24 

" 

.26 

1. 

00 

34 

n 

.35 

1. 

40 

45 

tt 

.47 

1. 

90 

67 

tt 

.60 

2. 

38 

86 

n 

24  ESTIMATING 


CARPENTRY 

The  Carpenter-Work  of  a  building  includes,  in  general,  the 
skeleton  or  frame,  if  a  wooden  building,  the  floor  timbers,  studs  of 
partitions  and  walls,  rafters,  the  covering  in  of  the  frame,  with  its 
exterior  finish  and  clapboards,  siding  or  shingles,  the  flooring,  furring, 
grounds,  and  beads.  This  practically  covers  the  constructive  wood- 
work or  carpentry  proper,  while  to  the  term  joinery  belongs  the  out- 
side and  inside  finish,  windows  and  doors,  sheathing  and  dado, 
stairs  and  fixtures. 

In  many  sections  the  general  term  carpentry  covers  all  wood- 
working and  covering,  while  in  others  the  distinction  between  the 
carpenter  and  the  joiner  is  more  distinctly  drawn. 

For  the  purposes  of  this  work  it  will  not  be  necessary  to  hold  this 
distinction,  and  so  for  convenience,  the  term  carpentry  will  be  used 
to  cover  all  branches  of  woodworking. 

Two  distinct  elements  enter  into  the  carpenter-work  of  any 
structure;  the  Material  and  the  Labor,  and  the  cost  of  both  is  subject 
to  fluctuation  to  a  great  extent.  The  trend  in  both  is  in  the  direc- 
tion of  increased  cost  in  varying  degrees  in  different  localities,  but 
the  state  of  the  market  in  both  labor  and  materials  is  never  quiescent, 
so  that  any  printed  prices  must  be  considered  as  comparative  only,  and 
must  be  carefully  compared  with  local  and  known  data  before  being 
accepted  as  accurate  or  final. 

The  material  with  which  the  carpenter  works,  consists  in  the 
main  of  three  principal  divisions,  the  Frame,  the  Covering,  and  the 
Finish,  and  each  of  these  has  further  subdivisions  as  will  be  noted. 

Board  Measure.  All  lumber  which  has  not  been  wrought  or 
moulded,  is  sold  by  "board  measure"  that  is,  the  stock  in  each  piece 
is  reduced  to  a  unit  of  a  square  foot  of  board  one  inch  thick.  This 
is  called  board  measure  and  is  expressed  by  the  abbreviation  B.  M, 
Prices  of  lumber  are  usually  rated  by  the  thousand  feet,  so  that  the 
expression  "Twenty-five  dollars  a  thousand"  means  twenty-five 
dollars  for  a  thousand  square  feet  of  stock  one  inch  thick.  To  reduce 
stock  of  greater  thickness  than  one  inch,  to  its  equivalent  in  board 
measure,  several  rules  may  be  used. 

A  convenient  method  is  to  divide  the  product  of  the  width  and 
thickness  in  inches  by  12,  and  multiply  by  the  length  in  feet 


ESTIMATING 


25 


TABLE  OF  BOARD  MEASURE 


SIZE  IN  INCHES 

LENGTH  IN  FEET 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

2x  3 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

2x  4 

6§ 

8 

94 

101 

12 

134 

141 

16 

174 

18§ 

20 

214 

2x5 

84 

10 

111 

134 

15 

163 

184 

20 

211 

234 

25 

261 

2x  6 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

2x  7 

11§ 

14 

164 

IS! 

21 

234 

25§ 

28 

304 

321 

35 

374 

2x  8 

134 

16 

181 

214 

24 

26! 

294 

32 

34§ 

374 

40 

421 

2x  9 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

39 

42 

45 

4'8 

2x  10 

16| 

20 

234 

26! 

30 

334 

36§ 

40 

434 

46§ 

50 

534 

2x  12 

20 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

52 

56 

60 

64 

2x  14 

234 

28 

321 

374 

42 

46f 

514 

56 

60§ 

654 

70 

74§ 

2x  16 

261 

32 

374 

42f 

48 

534 

58§ 

64 

694 

741 

80 

854 

3x4 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

92 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

3x  5 

12* 

15 

m 

20 

224 

25 

274 

30 

32* 

35 

374 

40 

3x  6 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

39 

42 

45 

48 

3x  7 

17i 

21 

244 

28 

314 

35 

384 

42 

454 

49 

524 

56 

3x  8 

20 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

52 

56 

60 

64 

3x  9 

224 

27 

314 

36 

404 

45 

494 

54 

584 

63 

674 

72 

3x  10 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

3x  12 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

90 

96 

3  x  14 

35 

42 

49 

56 

63 

70 

77 

84 

SI 

98 

105 

112 

3  x  16 

40 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

96 

104 

112 

120 

128 

4x4 

134 

16 

181 

214 

24 

26§ 

294 

32 

34| 

374 

40 

42§ 

4x5 

16| 

20 

234 

26! 

30 

334 

361 

40 

434 

461 

50 

534 

4x  6 

20 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

52 

56 

60 

64 

4x  7 

234 

28 

321 

374 

42 

46! 

514 

56 

601 

654 

70 

741 

4.x  8 

26| 

32 

374 

423 

48   534 

58§ 

64 

694 

74| 

80 

854 

4x9 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

90 

96 

4  x  10 

334 

40 

46§ 

534 

60 

66! 

734 

80 

861 

934 

100 

1061 

4  x  12 

40 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

96 

104 

112 

120 

128 

4x14 

461 

56 

654 

741 

84 

934 

1021 

112 

1214 

1301 

140 

1494 

6x  6 

30' 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

90 

96 

6x  8 

40 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

96 

104 

112 

120 

128 

6x  10 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

130 

140 

150 

160 

6  x  12 

60 

72 

84 

96 

108 

120 

132 

144 

156 

168 

180 

196 

6  x  14 

70 

84 

98 

112 

126 

140 

154 

168 

182 

196 

210 

224 

6  x  16 

80 

96 

112 

128 

144 

160 

176 

192 

208 

224 

240 

256 

8x8 

534 

64 

741 

854 

96 

106! 

1174 

128 

1381 

1494 

160 

170§ 

8x10 

66| 

80 

934 

106? 

120 

1334 

1461 

160 

173^ 

186^200 

2134 

8x  12 

80 

96 

112 

128 

144 

160 

176 

192 

208 

224 

240 

256 

8  x  14 

934 

112 

130! 

1494 

168 

186f 

2054 

224 

2421 

2614 

280 

2981 

10  x  10 

834 

100 

116^ 

1334 

150 

1663 

1834 

200 

21612334 

250 

2661 

10  x  12 

100 

120 

140 

160 

180  200 

220 

240 

260 

280 

300 

320 

10  x  14 

116| 

140 

1634 

186f 

210  |2334 

256§ 

280 

3034 

3261 

350 

3734 

10  x  16 

1334 

160 

186| 

213J 

240  266^ 

2934 

320 

3461 

3734 

400 

4261 

12  x  12 

120 

144 

168 

192 

216  240 

264 

288 

312 

336 

360 

384 

12  x  14 

140 

168 

196 

224 

252 

280 

308 

336 

364 

392 

420 

448 

12  x  16 

160 

192 

224 

256 

288 

320 

352 

384 

416 

448 

480 

512 

14  x  14 

1634 

196 

2281 

2641 

294 

3261 

3594 

392 

424§ 

457J 

490 

522§ 

14  x  16 

186^ 

224 

261^! 

29§8 

336 

3734 

4!0l 

448 

4854 

5221 

560 

5974 

i 

26  ESTIMATING 


Example.     How  many  feet,  B.  M.,  are  there  in  a  joist  2  in.  x  9  in., 

20  ft.  long? 

2X9 

-  X  20  =  30  ft.  B.  M. 
12 

When  the  sizes  are  fractional,  or  produce  a  product  not  easily 
divided  by  12,  the  operation  may  sometimes  be  simplified  by  varying 
the  process  and  multiplying  the  length  in  feet,  and  the  thickness  and 
width  in  inches  together,  and  dividing  the  whole  product  by  12. 

Example.  How  many  feet  are  there  in  a  joist  2J  in.-x  9  in., 
16  ft.  long? 

16  X  2J  X  9 

-  =  30  ft.  B.  M. 
12 

MISCELLANEOUS   PRICES   OF   LUMBER 

LUMBER 

Dimension  spruce  lumber  up  to  9  inches  of  depth  will  cost  at 

present  per  M.,  board  measure.  $26.00 

10-inch   stock,  per  M.  *30.00 

For  long  lengths,  add  per  M.  2.00 

Hemlock  boarding  24.00 

Spruce  boarding  25.00 

Spruce  boarding  matched  27.00 

Spruce  upper  floor  45.00 

Extra  shingles  4.00 

Clear  shingles  3.50 

Spruce  clapboards  50.00 

Siding  cypress  30.00 

Drop  or  novelty  siding  55.00 

Laths  5.00 

Georgia  pine  timbers  12  in.  35.00 

Georgia  pine  timbers  14  in.  40.00 

Georgia  pine  timbers  16  in.  50.00 

FLOORS  AND  FINISH 

Georgia  pine,  heart  face  rift  $70.00 

Georgia  pine,  common  rift  45.00 


ESTIMATING  27 


Maple  flooring  $  55.00 

Quartered  oak  flooring  125.00  to    150.00 

North  Carolina  pine,  rift  stock  40.00 

North  Carolina  pine,  slash  stock  33.00 

FINISH 

Georgia  pine  $  45.00 

Cypress  No.  1  80.00 

Cypress  No.  2  75.00 

Oak,  plain  90.00 

Oak,  quartered  120.00 

Birch  65.00 

Whitewood  s52.00 

Ash  55.00 

Elm  40.00 

INSIDE    DOOR    FRAMES 

2ft.    8  in.  x  6  ft.  8  in.  .   $1.00 

2ft.  10  in.  x  6  ft.  8  in.  1.10 

3ft.    0  in.  x  7  ft.  0  in.  1.15 

For  transom  bars  add  .75 

Calculating  the  Frame.  In  taking  off  the  rough  frame  of  a  house 
for  the  purposes  of  estimating,  the  most  accurate  method  is  to  take  a 
schedule  of  every  piece  of  timber  from  the  framing  plans,  but  as  it  often 
happens  that  the  estimates  are  asked  for  from  the  general  drawings, 
before  framings  are  made,  it  has  become  the  custom  in  many 
sections  to  estimate  the  cost  of  the  walls  and  floors  by  the  square  of 
100  superficial  feet,  making  separate  allowance  for  sills,  girders, 
plates,  and  other  large  timbers. 

If  it  is  desired  to  take  off  the  frame  separately  in  the  absence 
of  framing  plans  the  following  data  may  be  of  use. 

The  sills  of  an  ordinary  house  will  usually  be  from  6  in.  x  6  in. 
to  6  in.  x  10  in.,  girders  from  6  in.  x  8  in.  to  8  in.  x  10  in.,  and 
floor  joists  from  2  in.  x  8  in.  to  3  in.  x  12  in.  generally  16  in.  on 
centers.  Wall  studding  of  outside  frame  and  bearing  partitions  will 
usually  be  2  in.  x  4  in.  -  16  in.  on  centers.  Studding  of  clos- 


IN  ESTIMATING 


ets  and  light  walls  will  usually  be  2  in.  x  3  in.,  plates  4  in.  x  4  in.  and 
4  in.  x  6  in.,  sometimes  two  2  in.  x  4  in.  doubled,  rafters  from  2  in.  x 
6  in.  to  2  in.  x  12  in.  and  18  in.  to  24  in.  on  centers. 

In  taking  off  the  frame,  the  sills  and  plates  will  of  course  be 
measured  by  the  linear  feet  in  the  outside  wall.  The  position  of  the 
main  bearing  partitions  will  usually  give  the  number  and  location  of 
the  girders.  Studs  are  doubled  at  openings  and  at  corners,  and 
fireplaces  and  stair  openings  will  call  for  timbers  of  a  large  size,  say 
from  6  in.  to  8  in.  width. 

Assuming  that  the  joists  are  16  in.  on  centers,  the  number  of 
joists  on  a  floor  will  be  given  by  taking  f  of  the  length  of  the  building 
in  feet,  and  adding  one  joist.  The  number  of  studs  in  the  outside 
frame  at  16  in.  on  centers  may  be  found  by  taking  f-  of  the  number  of 
lineal  feet  in  the  outside  of  the  building,  adding  one  stud  for  each 
corner,  and  one  for  each  door  and  window.  To  this  must  be  added 
any  gables  or  bay  windows  or  other  projections.  Three  quarters  of 
the  number  of  lineal  feet  of  partitions  will  give  the  number  of  studs 
in  the  inside  frame  at  16  in.  on  centers.  This  allows  for  doubling 
of  studs  at  openings  and  corners. 

For  the  number  of  rafters  take  the  length  of  the  building  divided 
by  the  distance  of  the  rafters  apart  and  add  1,  this  gives  the  number 
of  pairs  of  rafters  if  a  plain  gable  roof,  while  the  number  of  rafters 
in  a  hip  roof  can  be  found  by  dividing  the  whole  distance  around  the 
building  by  the  distance  apart. 

Cost  of  Frame.  Spruce  lumber  is  generally  used  for  framing, 
but  Georgia  pine  must  sometimes  be  used  for  large  girders. 

The  cost  of  spruce  lumber  is  from  $26.00  to  $28.00  per  M., 
for  sizes  0  in.  and  under;  $30.00  for  10  in.  stock,  with  a  corresponding 
increase  for  large  sizes.  Hard  pine  lumber,  12  in.  and  under,  wilJ 
cost  $35.00  per  M.;  14  in.  sizes  $40.00;  16  in.  sizes  $50.00,  and  so  on. 
Hard  pine  from  the  South  by  shipload  will  cost  about  $5  00  less  per  M, 

The  labor  of  framing  sills,  girders,  etc.,  will  cost  about  $10.00  per 
M. ;  plates,  rafters,  etc.  $12.00.  From  this  we  estimate  that  a  section  of 
sill  30  ft.  long,  containing  90  ft.  B.  M.  will  cost  as  follows: 

Stock,  90  ft.  B.  M.  of  6  in.  x  6  in.  spruce  at  $26.00  per  M.   $2 . 34 
Labor  of  framing  at  $10 . 00  per  M.  .90 

$3.24 


ESTIMATING  29 


Dividing  this  by  30,  the  length  in  feet,  we  get  lO-^   cents,   or 

about  11  cents  a  running  foot.    In  this  same  way  the  posts,  girts,  and 

other  special  timbers  may  be  figured. 

Floors.     Having  disposed  of  the  large  timbers  separately  we  can 

now  take  up  the  floors  by  the  square  of  100  feet.     An  analysis  of  this 

gives  us  a  result  as  follows: 

Cost  of  a  Square  of  Flooring: 

Joists  2  in.  x  9  in.,  16  in.  on  centers,  112J  ft. 

B.  M.  at  $26.00  $2.92 

Labor,  per  square  of  100  sq.  ft.  1 . 50 

Nails  .  10 

Bridging  .  50 

Under  floor,  100  ft.  Hemlock  at  $24.00  2 . 40 

Waste  J  of  stock  .80 

Labor  . 75 

Nails,  5  Ibs.  at  3  cents  per  Ib.  .15 

Strapping  for  ceiling  1  in.  x  2  in.,  16  in.  on  centers  .  40 

Nails  .  10 

Labor  1.00 

Upper  floor,  100  ft.  of  Spruce  at  $40  00  4 . 00 

Waste  1.30 

Labor  1.50 

Nails  .  15 

Paper,  labor,  and  stock  .  25 

Total  per  square  $  1 7 . 82 

In  the  same  way  we  may  estimate  the  cost  of  the  walls  as  follows: 

Outside  Walls,  boarded: 

Studding  2  in.  x  4  in.,  16  in.  on  centers, 

50ft.  B.  M.  at  $26.00  $  1.30 

Waste  J  stock 
Nails 

Labor,  per  square,  studding  , 

Beads  and  grounds 
Boarding,  100  ft.  hemlock  at  $24 . 00 
Waste  J  stock 

Labor  per  square,  boarding 
Nails 
Total  cost  per  square 


30  ESTIMATING 


Shingling  the  outside  walls  will  cost* 

Shingles,  850  at  $4.25  $3 . 61 

Paper  and  laying  .  50 

Nails  .25 

Labor  on  shingling  per  square  2. 18 

Total  cost  of  shingling  $6 . 54 

Roofing  with  2  in.  x  6  in.  rafters  spaced  20  in.  on  centers  will  cost : 

2  in.  x  6  in.  rafters  20  in.  on  centers  at  $26.00  $1 .56 

Waste}  .39 

Labor  2.00 

Nails  .  10 

Boarding  2.40 

Waste  .60 

Labor  1.00 

Nails  .15 


Total  cost  per  square  $8 . 20 

Inside  studding  ready  for  lathing  will  cost: 

Studs,  2  in.  x  4  in.,  16  in.  on  centers,  50  ft.  B.  M.  at  $26.  $1 . 30 

Waste  J  stock  .65 

Nails   '  .15 

Labor,  per  square  1 . 50 

Beads  and  grounds  .40 

Total  cost  per  square  $4.00 

Windows  of  average  size  in  place  will  cost  approximately: 

Window  frame  $1.20 

Sashes  3  ft.  x  5  ft.  1.75 

Blinds  1.00 

Blind  fastenings  .15 

Weight,  30  Ibs.  at  1J  cents  per  Ib.  .38 

Sash  cord,  20  ft.  at  1  cent  per  ft.  .20 

Sash  fast  .25 

Inside  casings,  20  ft.  at  3£  cents  per  ft.  .  70 

Stop  beads,  16  ft.  at  If  cents  per  ft.  .28 

Labor,  8  hours  at  41  cents  per  hour  3 . 28 

Total  cost  of  window  in  place  $9.19 


ESTIMATING 


31 


Inside  doors  of  average  size  will  cost,  complete: 

Door  2  ft.  8  in.  x  6  ft.  8  in.  x  1 }  in.  pine,  to  paint  $2 . 40 

Frame  "  1.00 

Casings  1  •  33 

Threshold  .  15 

Nails  .05 

Hardware  1.25 

Labor,  8  hours  at  41  cents  3.28 

Total  cost  of  door  in  place  $9 . 46 

Rift  hard  pine  upper  floors  will  cost,  per  square  of  100  square  feet 

Rift  hard  pine  flooring,  100  ft.  B.  M.  at  $65.00  $6.50 

Waste  and  matching  J  of  stock  2.16 

Labor  2.00 

Nails,  5  Ibs.  at  3  cents  per  Ib.  .15 

Paper  .25 

Total  cost  of  floor  per  square  $11 .06 


Approximate  cost  per  square  ft. 
Finishing  with  shellac  and  wax 

Total  per  square  foot  finished 


11  cents 
3  cents 

14  cents 


Quartered  oak  floor,  per  square  ft. 
Finishing  with  shellac 

Total  cost  per  square  foot 


25  cents 
4  cents 

29  cents 


A  common  front  door  will  cost : 

Door  3  ft.  4  in.  x  7  ft.  0  in.  x  1}  in. 

Frame 

Plate  glass 

Casings,  20  ft.  at  4  cents 

Hinges 

Lock  and  knobs 

Labor 

Total  cost  of  door 


$  5.75 

4.50 

2.50 

.80 

.68 
4.50 
4.00 

$22.73 


32  ESTIMATING 


A  pair   of   sliding   doors,  fitted   complete,  will    average    about     as 
follows:  , 

2  doors  3  ft.  0  in.  x  7. ft.  0  in.  x  1|  in.  each  $6.00 

44  feet  casings,  at  4-V  cents  1 . 98 

40  feet  grounds,  at  1  cent  .40 

40  feet  stop  beads,  at  2  cents  .80 

Astragal  1.00 

Chafing  strip  .20 

Lock  4.50 

Hangers  and  track  4 . 50 

Sheathing  pocket,  84  ft.  at  40  cents  3 . 36 

Labor,  40  hours  at  41  cents  16.40 
Total  cost  of  doors                                                 $39 . 14 

These  are  some  of  the  principal  parts  of  a  house  analyzed 
and  will  serve  to  show  how  the  cost  of  any  portion  may  be  obtained 
by  dividing  it  into  parts  and  pricing  each  portion  by  itself. 

Following  are  some  miscellaneous  details  of  carpenter  work : 
Two  carpenters  working  in  pairs  can  put  up  in  a  day  about 
300  ft.  B.  M.  of  studding. 
300  ft.  B.  M.  of  rafters. 
600  ft.  B.  M.  of  floor  joist. 
800  ft.  B.  M.  of  wall  or  roof  boarding. 
600  ft.  B.  M.  of  matched  boarding. 
500  ft.  B.  M.  of  diagonal  matched  boarding. 

MISCELLANEOUS  ITEMS 

CELLAR  WINDOW 

Frame  $1.50 

Sash  1.20 

Hardware  .  15 

Labor  .50 

$3.35 
CELLAR    DOORS 

Stock  door,  2  ft.  8  in.  x  6  ft.  8  in.  x  1J  in.  $2.25 

Frame  1.00 

Finish,  36  ft.  4^  in.  anish  1.62 


ESTIMATING  33 


Threshold  $0.15 

Hardware  .  85 

Labor  3.00 

~8W~ 

Paper  on  walls  under  clapboards  or  shingles  per  square: 

Paper  $0.20 

Laying  .  05 

$0.25 

Inside  Finish.  Inside  finish  in  white  wood  or  cypress,  cost 
in  place: 

8  in.  base  board  with  2  in.  moulding,  per  running  ft.  $0. 12 

4  ft.  wainscot  of  narrow  sheathing,  per  running  ft.  .40 

Plain  wall  sheathing,  per  square  foot  .  05 

.3^  in.  cap  for  wainscot  .06 

2  in.  picture  moulding  .06 
4  in.  chair  rail  .07 

3  ft.  panelled  dado,  per  sq.  ft.  .35 
1  case  of  3  drawers  complete  8 . 00 

Finishing  Stock.  White  wood  or  cypress  stock  which  has 
been  moulded  will  cost  one  cent  for  every  square  inch  of  section 
a  foot  long,  less  a  trade  discount,  which  at  present  is  30  per  cent 
off,  so  that  a  5  in.  casing  will  cost  5  cents  per  foot  less  30  per  cent, 
or  3J  cts.  per  foot. 

Casings,  5  in.  $0.03i 

Base,  Sin.  .05J 

Plinth  blocks,  5  in.  x  8  in.  x  If  in.  .  05 

Corner  blocks  5  in.  x  5  in.  x  1J  in.  .05 

Mouldings  T7F  cent  per  sq.  in.  of  section 
Stock  pattern  stair  rail  2^  in.  x  2J  in.,  per  foot  .  17 

Balusters,  If  each  .09 

Newels,  5  in.  stock  pattern  5 . 00 

Newels,  6  in.  stock  pattern  6 . 00 

Plate  rail  and  picture  moulding  per  foot  .09 

Picture  moulding  per  foot  -01J  to  .03 

Stock  drawer  case,    3  drawers  3 . 50 

Panelled  draw  case,  5  drawers  13 . 00 


OF   THE 

UNWERSlT 


34 


ESTIMATING 


Inside  Doors  five  cross  panels  in  pine  to  paint 

2ft.  8    in.  x  6  ft.  8    in.  x  1J  in.  $2.40 

2  ft.  10  in.  x  6  ft.   10  in.  x  H  in.  2.50 

•'^     3ft.  0    in.  x7ft.  0    in.  x  1J  in.  2.80 

Window  Frames  ^ 

2J  ft.  x  4J  ft.  $1 . 10 

3ft.  x  5  ft.  1.20 

STAIRS 

The  trade  of  stair-building,  while  a  part  of  the  general  work 
of  joinery,  is  usually  taken  up  as  a  separate  trade  and  is  done  by 
men  who  do  nothing  else.  For  this  reason  it  is  better,  if  possible, 
to  have  the  stairs  figured  and  built  by  a  regular  stair-builder,  who 
will  have  the  special  tools,  moulds,  and  stock  necessary  for  this  branch 
of  carpenter  work. 

There  are  usually  in  every  house,  two  sets  of  stairs,  one  in  the 
front  part  of  the  house  and  one  in  the  back  part.  Sometimes  the 
stairs  are  so  arranged  as  to  land  together  in  the  second  story,  but 
divide  somewhere  in  their  height  upon  a  common  landing,  one 
part,  the  more  ample  and  elaborate,  running  from  the  front  hall, 

and  the  other  from  the  back  hall  or  kitchen. 
This  is  called  a  combination  staircase  and 
is  often  an  economical  solution  of  the 
problem  of  front  and  back  stairs.  See 
Fig.  14. 

When  two  separate  staircases  are  put 
in,  each  will  have  a  distinct  character, 
and  it  is  this  condition  that  we  shall 
consider. 

Front  Stairs.  The  front  stairs  of  ordi- 
nary width  and  elaboration,  say  from  3  ft. 
to  4  ft.  wide  with  turned  balusters  and 
moulded  rails  and  posts,  in  white  wood  or 
North  Carolina  pine,  may  be  approximated 
step,  complete.  This  is  on  the  basis 

Panelling 


UP 


Fig.  14.    Combination  Staircase. 


at    $3.50    to   $4.50    per 

$1.50  per  step  for  labor,  the  remainder  for  the  stock. 

in  connection  with  the  stairs  should  be  figured  at  $.40  to  $.50  per 

sq.  ft.  of  which  one-half  will  be  labor  and  the  other  half  the  stock, 

For  ash  add  50  per  cent,  for  oak  75  per  cent. 


ESTIMATING 


35 


Winding  steps  will  cost  about  double  the 'price  of  straight  steps 
for  material,  but  the  labor  will  be  increased  only  about  50  per  cent. 
This  price  will  allow  of  hard  pine  treads  and  plain  moulded  rail 
with  li  in.  turned  balusters,  two  to  a  tread. 

No  more  definite  data  can  be  given  as  to  front  stairs,  as  there 
is  such  a  wide  variation  in  design  and  finish,  and  such  a  wide  range 
in  .selection  of  posts,  rails,  and  balusters. 

In  general  a  good  moulded  and  panelled  newel  may  be   had 
for  $5.00  to  $8.00,  landing  posts  $3.00  to  $4.00,  rail  15  to  18  cents 
per  lineal  foot,  balusters  9  to  12  cents  each.   Balusters 
turned  in  colonial  pattern  with  an  upper   shaft,  a 
square,  and  an  urn-shaped  turning  at  the  base,  will 
cost,   turned   to   detail,  about   18  cents;  if  twisted, 
add  30  cents.     See  Fig.  15. 

These  prices  are  for  open  string  stairs,  if 
brackets  are  used  on  the  outside  stringer,  it  will  add 
12  to  15  cents  per  step. 

Back  Stairs.  Common  box  stairs,  for  general 
use  in  the  back  and  attic  portions  of  a  house,  will 
cost  about  $1.60  per  step,  this  includes  85  cents 
for  stock  and  75  cents  for  labor.  Winders  will 
be  used  more  frequently  here  than  in  front  stairs  ard 
will  cost  about  double  the  price  of  a  straight  step. 
Open  cellar  stairs  of  plank  with  no  risers  will  cost 
about  65  cents  per  step,  giving  20  cents  for  labor 
and  45  cents  for  stock. 

Summary.  From  the  foregoing  it  will  be  found  that  a  flight 
of  front  stairs  in  white  wood  will  cost,  at  the  average  run  of  16  steps, 
about  $64.00;  and  the  same  in  ash  $96.00;  in  oak  $112.00.  This 
is  a  fair  price  for  good  plain  work  and  will  give  a  satisfactory  result. 

The  back  stairs  at  15  steps  would  cost  $24.00  and  the  cellar 
stairs  $7.80.  Under  conditions  where  much  of  the  handrailing 
could  be  done  away  with,  the  prices  could  be  reduced  considerably. 

DAY'S  WORK 

A  carpenter  in  one  day  can  do  any  one  of  the  following  items: 
400  running  feet  of  plaster  grounds 
40  pairs  of  bridging 
1  window,  complete,  frame,  sash,  and  fittings 


Fig.  15.   Balusters 

in  Colonial 

Pattern. 


36  ESTIMATING 


1  door,  setting  frame,  hanging,  casing,  and  fitting  with  hardware 

Casing  windows,  4  per  day 

Hanging  and  fitting  blinds,  10  pairs  per  day 

Hanging  and  fitting  doors,  5  per  day 

Casing  doors,  5  per  day 

Cost  of  labor  per  square  of  100  feet: 

Framing  of  floors,  per  square  $1 . 50 

Framing  of  walls  1 . 50 

Framing  of  plain  roofs  1 . 50 

Framing  of  hip  and  va~  ley  roofs  2 . 00 

Heavy  framing  1 . 20 

Boarding  walls  .  75 

Boarding  walls  with  matched  boards  1 . 00 

Boarding  walls  diagonally  1 . 00 

Boarding  roofs  1 . 00 

Laying  rough  floor  .  75 

Laying  rough  floor  diagonally  1 .00 

Bridging  floors  .  50 

Furring  brick  walls  12  in.  on  centers  1 .50 

Furring  brick  walls  16  in.  on  centers  1 .00 

Laying  spruce  upper  floor,  6  in.  stock  1 . 50 

Laying  spruce  upper  floor,  4  in.  stock  2 . 00 

Laying  hardwood  floors,  2 \  in.  stock  2.50 

Shingling  walls  and  roofs  2. 18 

Clapboarding  walls  2.18 

Papering  walls  under  shingle  or  clapboards  .  25 

Work  by  the  piece;  labor: 

Making  window  frames  $1 . 25 

Making  door  frames  1 . 00 

Door  frame  with  transom  1 . 50 

Setting  window  frames,  each  .  30 

Setting  window  frames  in  brickwork,  each  .  50 

Hanging  blinds,  per  pair  .32 

Fitting  and  hanging  sashes  per  pair  .  50 

Hanging  transoms  .  40 

Casing  windows  .80 


ESTIMATING  37 


Large  size  windows  $1 .50 

Attic  and  cellar  windows  .  75 

Casing  door  opening,  one  side  .  32 

Casing  door  opening,  both  sides  .  65 

Fitting,  hanging,  and  trimming  door  .  65 

Fitting,  hanging,  and  trimming  outside  door  1 . 00 

Pair  of  sliding  doors,  double  13.00 

Work  in  common  closet  1 . 50 

Exterior  Finish.  The  exterior  finish  of  a  house  will  consist, 
in  the  main,  of  the  water  table  at  the  bottom,  the  belt  midway,  and 
the  cornice  at  the  top. 

Prices  of  labor  per  lineal  foot : 

Water  table,  3  members  at  3  cents  $0.09 

Corner  boards  .03 

Belt    •  .08 

Cornice,  3  to  6  cents  each  member,  or  per  ft.  .  50 

Gable  finish,  lineal  foot  .60 

Piazzas  and  Porches.  An  ordinary  piazza  will  cost,  complete, 
about  75  cents  a  square  foot,  making  for  an  8  ft.  piazza  a  cost  of 
$6.00  per  running  foot. 

Shingled  piazza  columns  each : 

28ft.  boards      at  2    cents  $0.56 

11  ft.  studding  at  2}  cents  .28 

1  bunch  shingles  1 . 00 

Nails  .  13 

Labor  4.00 


$5.94 


Square  cased  columns  8  in.  x  8  in.  will  cost,  each : 
Stock 
Labor 
Erecting 


$3.50 


38  ESTIMATING 


A  simple  balustrade  of  straight  square  balusters   1J  in.   will  cost 

per  running  fooj: 

Top  rail  3  in.  x  4  in.  SO.  12 

Bottom  rail  2  ft.  x  4  in.  .08 

Balusters,  four  to  a  foot  .  12 

Labor  .32 


Piazza  ceiling  per  square 
Sheathing 
Waste 
Furring 
Nails 
Labor 


SO.  64 


$8.50 


Piazza  Finish: 

Stock  pattern,  5  in.  turned  columns       8  ft.  long  $  2.00 

Stock  pattern,  6  in.  turned  columns       8  ft.  long  2.75 

Stock  pattern,  8    in.  Colonial  columns  9  ft.  long  3 . 50 

Stock  pattern,  10  in.  Colonial  columns  9  ft.  long  5.50 

8    in.  Doric  Column  from  detail            9  ft.  long  6 . 50 

10  in.  Doric  Column  from  detail            9  ft.  long  8.50 

10  in.  Fluted  Column  from  detail           9  ft.  long  15.00 

Short  Posts,  5  in.  x  5  in.  x  4  ft.  0  in.  1 .00 

Short  Posts,  6  in.  x  6  in.  x  4  ft.  0  in.  1 . 50 

Piazza,  balusters  If  in.,  14  in.  to  16  in.  long,  .06  to  .10 

Piazza  rail            If  x  3f  in.  per  ft.  .06 

Piazza  rail           2}  x  3J  in.  per  ft.  .07 

Tin  roof  per  square                                           1 0 . 00  to  1 2 . 00 

Conductors : 

15  ft.  pipe  at  15  cents 
Gooseneck  and  labor 
Putting  up 

$3.40 


ESTIMATING  39 


HARDWARE 

The  best  way  to  get  at  the  cost  of  hardware  is  -to  get  a  schedule 
and  price  for  each  job  from  the  dealer.  The  price  of  hardware 
is  constantly  changing.  Prices  are  given  here  for  a  few  staple  articles 
of  ordinary  value. 

Nails  per  cwt.  $2.50  to  $4.00 

Front  door  set      (bronze  metal)  7.00  to    10.00 

Vestibule  door  set  6.00  to     8.00 

Inside  door  set  1.00  to     1.50 

Store  door  set  6.00  to   10.00 

Single  sliding  door  set  1 . 50  to     2 . 00 

Double  sliding  door  2.00  to     3.00 

Double  acting  floor  hinge  per  pair  3 . 50  up 

Double  acting  spring  hinge     "  2 . 00  up 

Window  fixture,  weights,  etc.  1.10  up 

Sash  fast  each  .25  to   .35 

Transom  fixture  .30  to   .50 

Cupboard  door  set  .  60 

Folding  door  bolts  1.25  to     3.00 

Flush  bolts  per  pair  1 .50 

Butts,  small  size  per  pair  .25 

Butts,  ordinary  size,  per  pair  .30   to        .40 

Double  coat  and  hat  hooks,  per  dozen  2 . 50 

Screws,  per  gross,  bronze  .85 

Single  sliding  door  hanger  2.50  to  3.75 

Double  sliding  door  hanger  3 . 50  to  5 . 50 

NAILS 

Nails  are  priced  from  a  base  price  per  hundred  weight  adopted 
by  the  manufacturers,  which  includes  certain  sizes  of  the  more 
common  kinds.  From  this  base  the  different  kinds  of  nails  are 
priced  by  means  of  extras,  as  agreed  upon.  The  present  base 
includes  common,  fence,  and  sheathing  nails  in  sizes  from  20  penny 
to  60  penny. 

Following  is  a  schedule  of  all  kinds  of  cut  and  wire  nails  in 
general  use  and  the  extra  price  of  each  kind  per  cwt.  above  the 
base,  which  is  $2.50  per  cwt.,  for  cut  nails  and  $2.45  per  cwt. 
for  wire  nails. 


40 


ESTIMATING 


National   List  of  Extras  per  cwt. 

for  Cut  Nails  in    Fair  Assortment. 

Adopted  Dec.   1,   1896 

Common,  Fence/and 

Sheathing 

Fine  Finishing 

Extras 

Base  20d  to  60d 

$2.50* 

lOd  and  larger 

$0.25 

*(  Variable.    July,  1907,  $2.65.) 

8d  and  9d 

.35 

Extras 

6d  and  7d 

.45 

10d  to     16d 

$0.05 

4d  and  5d 

.65 

Sdand    9d 

.10 

6d  and    7d 

.20 

Barrel,  Roofing,  and 

Cottage 

4dand    5d 

.30 

1J  inch 

$0.30 

3-Vd 

.40 

If  inch 

.40 

3d 

.45 

li  inch 

.50 

3d  fine 

.65 

1J  inch 

.60 

2d 

.70 

1    inch 

.70 

|  inch 

.85 

Spikes,  all  sizes 

.10 

f  inch 

1.00 

Casing,  Box,  and 

Floor 

Clinch 

lOd  and  larger 

$0.15 

3  in.  and  larger 

$0.45 

8d  and  9d 

.25 

2}    and  2\  in. 

.55 

6d  and  7d 

.35 

2J    and  2    in. 

.65 

4d  and  5d 

.50 

If     and  \\  in. 

.75 

3d 

.70 

l}in. 

.95 

2d 

1.00 

1    in. 

1.15 

10  cents  for  each  £ 

keg 

Slating 

6d 

SO.  40 

4d  Swedes  Genuine 

$1.30 

4d  and  5d 

.50 

4d  Swedes  Common 

.80 

3d 

.75 

2d 

1.00 

Galvanizing           2J  cts.  per  Ib. 

Tinning                  3    cts.  per  !b. 

Size            2d      3d 

3Jd      4d 

5d      6d      7d      8d 

9d       lOd 

Length        1        1J 

If        H 

If       2       2i       2J 

2|       3 

Size             12d 

20d 

30d             40d            50d 

60d 

Length         3J 

4 

4J                 5               5i 

6 

ESTIMATING 


41 


WIRE 

NAILS 

Adopted  Dec.  1,  1896. 

Common,  Fence,  and 

Flooring 

Smooth  Finishing  Nails 

Extras 

Base  20d  to  60d 

$2.45* 

lOd  and  larger 

$0.25 

*  (.Variable.    July,  1907,  $2.55.) 

8d  and  9d 

.35 

Extras 

6d  and  7d 

.45 

lOd  to     16d 

$0.05 

4d  and  5d 

.65 

8d  and  9d 

.10 

3d 

.85 

6d  and  7d 

.20 

2d 

1.15 

4d  and  5d 

.30 

3Jd 

.40 

3d 

.45 

Barrel 

3d  fine 

.50 

f  in. 

$1.00 

2d 

.70 

I  in. 

.85 

1    in. 

.70 

Barbed  Common  and 

Barbed 

1J  in. 

.60 

Car  Nails 

If  in. 

.50 

15c.  advance  over  common 

If  in. 

.40 

IJ  in. 

.30 

Slating 

2d 

$0.80 

Clinch  Nails 

3d 

.60 

2d 

$1.05 

4d  and  5d 

.40 

3d 

.85 

6d 

.30 

4d  and  5d 

.65 

6d  and  7d 

.55 

8d  and  9d 

.45 

Casing  and  Smooth  Box               lOd 

lOd  and  larger  $0.15        12d  and  16d                            .  35 

8d  and  9d  .25        20d 

6dand7d  .35 

4d  and  5d  .50                        Wire  Spikes 

3d  .70        All  sizes                              $0.10 

2d  1.00 
Barbed  box,  15  cts.  advance  over  smooth 

MISCELLANEOUS   DATA 

Broken  stone  filling  cu.  yd.  $  2.50 

Cesspool  6  ft.  diam.  and  8  ft.  deep,  8  in.  brick  60.00 

Blind  drains  per  lineal  ft.  .12 


42  ESTIMATING 


Earthen  drains  4  in.  diam.  per  foot  $       .  20 

Arch  brick  laid  in  wall  per  M.  ICO . 00 

Marble  mosaic  per  sq.  ft.  .  75 

Marble  threshold,  exterior  5.00 

Marble  base  per  foot  .50 

Granolithic  per  sq.  ft.  .  25 

Steel  beams  per  Ib.  .03 

Cast  iron  per  Ib.  .02 
Copper  skylights  per  sq.  ft.,  heavy                      1 .75  to  2 .50 

Plastering  2  coats  on  wire  lath  .  65 

Wooden  balustrade  per  ft.  1 . 50 

Outside  blinds  for  a  house  will  average  per  pair  .85 
Inside  doors,  5  cross  panels,  pine  to  paint,  average        3 . 25 

Store  sash  If  in.  per  lineal  foot  .30 

Storm  sash  for  house  will  average  1 . 55 

Outside  door  frame  with  transom  3 . 50 

Inside  door  frames  will  average  1.10 

Same  with  transoms  1 . 85 

Factory  window  complete  4  ft.  0  in.  X  8  ft.  0  in.  •  1 3 . 00 

Framing  heavy  lumber  per  M.  1 2 . 00 

Planing  lumber  per  M.  2 . 00 

Laying  plank  floors  per  M.  9 . 00 

Common  bricks  per  M.  9 . 00 

Common  bricks  laid  in  wal!  per  M.  20 . 00 

Concrete  foundations  per  cu.  yd.  7 . 25 

Shingling  on  roof  per  square  6.54 

Slating  11.80 

Tar  and  gravel  roof  per  square  6 . 00 
Tin  roofing  per  square,  average 

ROOFING 

Description.  Many  kinds  of  material  are  used  for  covering 
roofs,  depending  upon  the  nature  of  the  work,  the  pitch  of  the  roof, 
the  desired  appearance,  and  the  availability  of  material. 

Shingles.  The  roof  covering  of  an  ordinary  wooden  house  is 
generally  of  shingles.  THese  are  either  shaved  or  sawed,  but  sawed 
shingles  are  generally  used.  Sawed  shingles  come  in  bundles  of  250,  or 
four  bundles  to  the  thousand.  These  quantities  are  based  on  a  width 


ESTIMATING 


of  4  in.  to  each  shingle  so  that  if  they  are  wider  they  will  be  numerically 
less  and  consequently,  if  narrower,  there  will  be  more  in  number. 
Common  shingles  are  16  in.  to  18  inches  in  length. 

Measuring.  In  measuring  for  shingles  the  quantities  are  usually 
taken  by  the  square;  equal  to  100  sq.  ft.,  and  the  number  of  shingles 
required  will  depend  upon  the  lap  or  exposure  which  is  given  to  the 
shingles.  On  roofs  the  exposed  length  is  usually  4J  inches,  and  on 
walls  5  or  6  inches  is  the  usual  exposure,  although  in  the  carrying 
out  of  special  designs  a  greater  or  less  exposure  may  be  given. 

Quantities.  The  covering  capacity  of  1000  shingles  at  various 
exposures  is  as  follows: 

111  sq.  ft.  =  900  per  square 
125  sq.  ft.  =  800  per  square 
139  sq.ft.  =  720  per  square 
167  sq.  ft.  =  600  per  square 
194  sq.  ft.  =514  per  square 
222  sq.  ft.  =  450  per  square 
Cost.     Sawed  cedar  shingles  of  best  quality  marked  "Extra" 
will  cost  from  $4.00  to  $5.00  per  thousand,  and  clear  shingles,  that  is, 
having  the  exposed  lower  third  of  clear  stock,  will  cost  $3.50  to  $4.00 
per  thousand,  and  it  will  require  5  pounds  of  4  penny  nails.     These 
will  cost  3  cents  a  pound  if  plain,  or  5  cents,  galvanized. 

A  carpenter  in  one  day  of  8 


4   inches  to  the  weather 

4  J  inches  to  the  weather 

5  inches  to  the  weather 

6  inches  to  the  weather 

7  inches  to  the  weather 

8  inches  to  the  weather 


hours  will  lay  1500  shingles  on 
plain  work  or^lOOO  if  surface  is 
much  cut  up.  This  will  cost  at 
$3.20  per  day  from  $2.14  to  $3.00. 
In  estimating  shingling  an 
allowance  will  be  necessary  for 
waste;  this  should  be  about  5  per 
cent  on  plain  roofs  and  8  to  10 
per  cent  on  roofs  with  many  hips, 
valleys,  or  dormers. 

Slating.  Slates  are  made  in 
different  sizes  from  6  x  12  up  to 
16x24  and  larger  sizes  for  special 

work.     They  are  laid  with  reference  to  head-cover  rather  than  ex- 
posure, that  is :  the  lap  of  cover  of  each  course  by  the  second  above 


Fig.  16.    Slating. 


44  ESTIMATING 


it,  gives  the  gauge  to  which  slates  should  be  laid,  Fig.  16;  this  lap  is 
usually  3  inches,  so  that  the  exposed  length  of  any  slate  may  be 
found  by  subtracting  this  lap  from  the  length  of  the  slate  and  dividing 
by  2.  This  exposure  multiplied  by  the  width  of  the  slate  gives  the 
exposed  area  of  the  slate,  and  the  number  of  slates  in  a  given  area 
may  be  found  by  dividing  the  area  in  square  inches  by  the  exposed 
area  of  the  slate. 

Example.  How  many  slates  will  be  required  per  square  to  cover 
a  roof  if  8-in.  x  14-in.  slates  are  used? 

(14  in. -3  in.)  14400  sq.  in. 

-  =  5J  in.  ;  8  in.  x  5J  in.  =  44  sq.  in. ;  —  -  =  327. 

2  44  sq.  in. 

In  measuring  a  slate  roof  it  is  usual  to  allow  an  extra  width  of 
from  6  inches  to  a  foot,  according  to  localities,  on  hips,  valleys,  eaves, 
and  wall  cuttings,  to  allow  for  the  extra  work  involved. 

Extra  charge  should  be  made  for  towers  and  all  varied  forms 
of  roof. 

Quantities.  The  number  of  slates  required  to  cover  a  square  of 
roofing  is  given  for  various  sizes  in  the  following  table: 

6  x  12        533  10  x  20        165 

7  x  14        377  11  x  22        138 

8  x  16        277  12  x  24        114 

9  x  18        214  14  x  28          83 

The  cost  of  slating  per  square  is  as  follows : 

Slates                                    10  in.  x.16  in.  $  7 . 50 

Labor  1  day,  slater  3 . 50 

Nails  .15 

Roofing  paper                       .  .50 

Labor  on  paper  .15 

SiTTso 

Tin  roof  per  sq.  ft,  average  $0.11 

Gutters  per  ft.,  galv.  iron  .90 

Galv.  iron  conductors  per  ft.,  put  up  .18  to  .25 

Copper  roof,  plain  per  square  40 . 00 

Copper  roof,  with  battens  per  square  50 . 00 

Gravel  roofing,  5-ply  per  square  6 . 00 
Zinc  flashing,  1J  cents  per  inch  of  width,  per  foot. 


ESTIMATING  45 

Tiles.  Where  a  special  feature  is  to  be  made  of  the  roof,  tiles 
are  often  used  but  these  are  found  in  t>ach  a  variety  of  shapes,  sizes, 
and  prices,  that  a  roof  of  this  sort  should  always  be  given  to  a  roofer 
to  estimate. 

Metal  Roofs.  Copper  or  tin  is  generally  used  for  roofs  where  a 
metal  covering  is  desired.  Copper  roofs,  if  steep  enough  to  show  as 
a  feature  of  the  building,  are  usually  laid  with  ribs  over  battens.  This 
makes  a  handsome  and  durable  roof  the  cost  being  not  greatly  in- 
creased. 

Copper  roofing  will  cost  from  $35.00  to  $40.00  per  square. 
Flashings  around  skylights  and  balustrades,  30  to  50  cents 
a  lineal  foot. 

For  a  cheaper  metal  roof,  tin  is  generally  used ;  this  may  be  used 
on  steep  or  flat  roofs.  Tin  for  roofing  should  be  painted  on  the  under 
side  and  carefully  soldered  on  the  top. 

Tin  roofing  will  cost  from  $10.00  to  $12.00  a  square. 

Composition  Roofs.  For  flat  roofs,  a  composition  of  tar  and 
paper  in  layers  finished  with  a  protective  coat  of  gravel,  is  often  used; 
the  cost  of  this  depends  upon  the  number  of  layers  of  paper  and 
"moppings"  of  tar  required,  but  a  5-ply  roof  will  give  good  service 
and  will  cost  about  $6 . 00  a  square. 

Gutters  and  Conductors.  Gutters  and  conductors  are  both 
made  of  wood  or  metal,  metal  being  preferred  in  all  cases.  For 
metal  gutters  copper  and  galvanized  iron  are  used. 

Copper  gutters  will  cost  about      $1 . 25  a  lineal  foot. 

Copper  conductors  .  50  to  .75  a  foot 

Goosenecks  5 . 00  to  1 0 . 00  each 

Moulded  conductor  heads  4 . 00  to  1 0 . 00  each 

Straps  1  00  each 

Galvanized  iron  gutters  will  cost  about  90  cents  a  lineal 

foot,  and  conductors,  18  to  25  cents  a  foot  according  to  size. 

PLASTERING 

Plastering  is  measured  by  the  square  yard  and  is  usually  done 
in  2-coat  or  3-coat  work.  In  taking  off  plastering  it  is  customary  to 
deduct  only  one-half  of  the  area  of  openings  to  allow  for  the  extra 
work  of  plastering  to  the  grounds. 


46  ESTIMATING 


In  some  localities  no  openings  are  deducted  unless  more  than 
7  yards  in  area,  but  in  close  figuring  this  is  not  generally  followed. 

Narrow  strips,  such  as  chimney  breasts,  if  less  than  a  foot  wide, 
are  generally  called  a  foot.  Round  corners,  beads,  and  arrises  must 
be  taken  separately  by  the  lineal  foot. 

Raking  surfaces  require  additional  work  and  should  be  taken  at 
about  one-half  more  than  plain  work.  Circular  or  elliptical  work 
should  be  charged  at  two  prices  and  domes,  groins,  and  intersecting 
soffits,  at  three  prices.  Cornices  are  taken  by  the  square  foot  of  girth 
with  enrichments  charged  separately  by  the  lineal  foot. 

Lathing.  Lathing  is  generally  included  in  the  plasterer's  price 
although  put  up  by  a  different  set  of  men.  Lathing  is  estimated  by 
the  square  yard  or  by  the  thousand  laths,  the  price  being  $2.75  to 
S3.25  a  thousand. 

Labor.  Two  plasterers  requiring  one  helper  will  do  from  40  to 
50  square  yards  of  three-coat  plastering,  or  60  to  70  square  yards  of 
two-coat  work,  in  a  day  of  8  hours,  and  1,200  to  1,500  laths  makes  a 
day's  work  for  one  lather.  100  cq.  yds.  of  lath  and  plaster  will  cost 
about  as  follows,  for  two-coat  work: 

1,500  laths  at  $4. 75  per  M  $  7.12 

10  Ibs.  3d.  nails  at  $3.20  per  cwt.  .  32 

Labor  on  laths  4 . 50 

10  bushels  lime  at  .  48  per  bu.  4 . 80 

6    Ibs.     hair    at     .04  .24 

1  load  sand  1.80 

Plasterer  3  days  at  $5.00  15 . 00 

Helper  1  i  day  s  at  $3 . 00  4 . 50 

Cartage  1.00 

$39.28 

Cost  of  a  square  yard  of  two-coat  work,  $39.28  -r-  100  =  39 
to  40  cents. 

This  is  a  price  which  is  on  the  increase  and,  while  plastering  is 
done  in  the  country  towns  as  low  as  35  cents  per  yard  it  will  not  be 
safe  to  use  this  price  any  length  of  time. 


ESTIMATING  47 


For  three-coat  work  we  may  take  the  following  schedule: 
Laths  and  putting  on,  as  above  $1 1 . 94 

13  bush,  lime  at  .48  6.24 

Slbs.hairat  .04  .32 

1 J  loads  sand  at  $1 . 80  2 . 70 

Ibbl.  plaster  Paris  1.70 

Plasterer  4  days  at  $5.00  20 . 00 

Helper  2  days  at  $3.00  6 . 00 

Cartage  1.00 

$49.90 

Cost  of  a  sq.  yd.  of  three-coat  work,  $49.90  -^- 100  =  50  cents. 

Rules.  In  some  portions  of  the  country  a  set  of  rules  has  been 
adopted  governing  the  valuing  of  plasterer's  work  which  are  in  the 
main  as  follows: 

"  First.  Measure  on  all  walls  and  ceilings  the  surface  actually 
plastered,  without  deducting  any  grounds  or  any  openings  of  less 
extent  than  seven  superficial  yards. 

Second.  Returns  of  chimney-breasts,  pilasters,  and  all  strips  of 
plastering  less  than  twelve  inches  in  width,  measure  as  twelve  inches 
wide;  and  where  the  plastering  is  finished  down  to  the  base,  surbase, 
or  wainscoating,  add  six  inches  to  height  of  walls. 

Third.  In  closets,  add  one-half  to  the  measurement.  Raking 
ceilings  and  soffits  of  stairs,  add  one-half  to  the  measurement;  cir- 
cular or  elliptical  work,  charge  two  prices;  domes  or  groined  ceilings, 
three  prices. 

Fourth.  For  each  twelve  feet  of  interior  work  done  farther  from 
the  ground  than  the  first  twelve  feet,  add  five  per  cent;  for  outside 
work,  add  one  per  cent  for  each  foot  that  the  work  is  done  above  the 
first  twelve  feet." 

Stucco-work  is  generally  governed  by  the  following  rules;  viz., 
"Mouldings  less  than  one  foot  girt  are  rated  as  one  foot,  over  one 
foot,  to  be  taken  superficial.  When  work  requires  two  moulds  to 
run  same  cornice,  add  one-fifth.  For  each  internal  angle  or  mitre, 
add  one  foot  to  length  of  cornice,  and,  for  each  external  angle,  add 
two  feet.  All  small  sections  of  cornice  less  than  twelve  inches  long 
measure  as  twelve  inches.  For  raking  cornices,  add  one-half;  circu- 
lar or  elliptical  work  double  price;  domes  and  groins,  three  prices. 


48  ESTIMATING 


For  enrichments  of  all  kinds  a  special  price  must  be  charged.  The 
higher  the  work  is  above  ground,  the  higher  the  charge  must  be; 
add  to  it  at  the  rate  of  five  per  cent  for  every  twelve  feet  above  the 
first  twelve  feet." 

PAINTING 

Painting  is  estimated  by  the  yard,  doors  and  windows  being 
taken  solid  to  make  up  for  the  extra  labor  of  cutting  in  the  sashes  and 
mouldings. 

Railings,  fences,  grilles,  and  similar  surfaces  are  taken  solid. 

A  painter  in  one  day  will  cover  100  yds.  of  outside  work  one 
priming  coat,  or  80  yds.  of  the  second  coat.  Ten  pair  of  blinds  will 
make  a  day's  work. 

On  first  coat,  one  pound  of  paint  will  cover  about  4  sq.  yds.  and 
6  sq.  yds.  on  the  subsequent  coats.  One  pound  of  putty  for  stopping 
will  cover  20  yds. 

Shingle  stains  require  a  gallon  for  every  500  shingles  if  dipped 
two-thirds  in,  and  for  a  brush  coat  after  laying,"  a  gallon  will  cover 
about  200  feet  of  surface,  or  1500  shingles. 

1  gallon  of  priming  color  will  cover  50  yards 

1  gallon  of  zinc  white  will  cover  50  yards 

1  gallon  of  white  paint  will  cover  44  yards 

1  gallon  of  black  paint  will  cover  50  yards 

1  gallon  of  stone  color  will  cover  44  yards 

1  gallon  of  yellow  paint  will  cover  44  yards 

1  gallon  of  green  paint  will  cover  45  yards 

1  gallon  of  emerald  green  will  cover  25  yards 

1  gallon  of  bronze  green  will  cover  75  yards 

The  following  table  gives  the  comparative  covering  of  paints  by 
weight  on  various  surfaces. 

COVERING   OR   SPREADING    POWER   OF   TYPICAL   PAINTS* 

ON    WOOD 

FIRST  COAT  SECOND  COAT 

Red  lead  112  252 

White  lead  221  324 


*The  figures  represent  square  feet  covered  by  100  Ibs.  of  paint  of  the  usual  con 
gistency,  applied  evenly  with  a  brush. 


ESTIMATING  49 


FIRST  COAT  SECOND  COAT 

Oxide  of  zinc  378  453 

Red  oxide  453  540 

Raw  linseed  oil  756  872 

Boiled  linseed  oil  412  540 

ON   METAL 

Red  lead  477 

White  lead  648 

Oxide  of  zinc  1134 

Red  oxide  870 

Raw  linseed  oil  1417 

Boiled  linseed  oil  1296 

ON    PLASTER 

Red  lead  324 

White  lead  (on  sized  wall)  362 

Oxide  of  zinc  594 
Raw  linseed  oil  (unsized  wall)  55  99 

Cost.  The  cost  of  painting  varies  under  different  conditions  but 
in  general  the  following  table  will  be  found  an  average  price: 

INSIDE  WORK 

1  coat  per  sq.  yd.  $0.12 

2  coats  per  sq.  yd.  .20 

3  coats  per  sq.  yd.  .  25 

1  coat  shellac  per  sq.  yd.  .10 

1  coat  size  and  2  coats  paint  .20 

1  coat  size  and  3  coats  paint  stipple  .30 

INSIDE   FINISH 

1  coat  liquid  filler,  1  coat  varnish  $0 . 20 

1  coat      "     filler,  2  coats  varnish  .25 

1  coat      "     filler,  3  coats  varnish  .30 

1  coat  paste  filler,  1  coat  varnish  .25 

1  coat    "       filler,  2  coats  varnish  .30 

1  coat     "      filler,  3  coats  varnish  .35 


50  ESTIMATING 


Tinting  walls  in  distemper  will  cost  15  cents  per  sq.  yd.  for  small 
amounts  and  10  cents  per  sq.  yd.  for  50  yds.  or  more.  Finishing  hard 
wood  floors  with  filler,  shellac,  and  2  coats  of  varnish  or  wax  finish 
will  cost  30  cents  per  sq.  yd. 

OUTSIDE    PAINTING 

1  coat  new  work  per  sq.  yard  $0.10 

2  coats  new  work  per  sq.  yard  .18 

3  coats  new  work  per  sq.  yard  .  25 

SANDING 

2  coats  paint,  1  coat  sand  per  sq.  yd.  $0 . 28 

3  coats  paint,  1  coat  sand  per  sq.  yd.  .  35 
3  coats  paint,  2  coats  sand  per  sq.  yd.  .50 

Painting  on  brick  will  cost  12  cents  per  yard  for  the  first  coat, 
but  subsequent  coats  will  cost  no  more  than  on  wood.  Tin  roofs  can1 
be  painted  one  coat  for  5  cents  a  yard. 

1000  shingles  dipped  two- thirds  of  their  length  will  cost  $3.00  and 
a  brush  coat  in  addition  costs  50  cents.  Blinds  are  rated  at  $1.50  per 
pair  for  an  average  size. 

HEATING 

The  heating  of  a  building  is  generally  made  the  subject  of  a 
special  contract. 

The  three  usual  methods  for  house  heating  are,  the  Hot  Air 
Furnace,  the  Hot  Water  Boiler,  or  the  Steam  Boiler.  Sometimes  a 
combination  system  of  hot  air  and  steam,  or  hot  air  and  hot  water  is 
used. 

Estimates  of  the  cost  of  heating  should  be  obtained  from  con- 
tractors who  follow  this  particular  branch  of  construction. 

In  general,  for  an  ordinary  class  of  building  such  as  residences, 
apartments,  stores,  etc.,  the  heating  will  range  according  to  the  system 
used,  from  6%  to  12%  of  the  cost  of  the  building,  as  follows: 

Hot  air  furnace  6  to    7  per  cent. 

Steam  8  to  10  per  cent. 

Hot  water  10  to  12  per  cent. 


ESTIMATING  51 


These  figures  are  approximate  and  the  only  reliable  way  to  obtain 
the  actual  cost  is  by  taking  off  the  items  and  figuring  each  job  by  it- 
self. 

Quantities.  The  hot  air  heating  of  an  ordinary  house  can 
be  approximated  closely  by  the  builder  on  the  basis  of  cubic  con- 
tents to  be  heated;  and  the  area  of  piping  and  capacity  of  the  furnace 
can  be  approximated  by  means  of  the  following  general-  rules : 

To  determine  the  size  of  pipe  for  any  room,  find  the  cubic  con- 
tents of  the  room  in  cubic  feet  and  divide  this  by  25  for  rooms  on 
the  first  floor,  and  by  35  for  rooms  on  the  second  and  third  floors. 

Make  the  cold  air  box  at  least  j  of  the  combined  area  of  pipes, 
none  of  which  should  be  smaller  than  7  inches  in  diameter. 

Example.  For  a  small  house  of  seven  rooms  the  quantities 
may  be  as  follows: 

FIRST    FLOOR 

Parlor  12  x  15  x  9  ft.  high  1624  cu.  ft.  divided  by  25  =  65 

sq.  in.  or  9  in.  pipe 
Hall  g'x  20  x  9  ft.  high  1440  cu.  ft.  divided  by  25  =  58 

sq.  in.  or  9  in.  pipe 

Add  40%  for  second  story  hall  space  making  81  sq.  in.  =  10  in. 
pipe 
Dining  Room  14  x  15  x  9  ft.  high  1890  cu.  ft.  divided  by  25  =  76 

sq.  in.  or  10  in.  pipe 

SECOND    FLOOR 

Chamber  13  x  15  x  8J  =  1658  cu.  ft.  -=-  35  =  48  sq.  in.  or  8  in.  pipe 
Chamber  11  x  12  x  8£  =  1122  cu.  ft.  -r-  35  =  32  sq.  in.  or  7  in.  pipe 
Chamber  14  x  16  x  8J  =  1904  cu.  ft.  -j-  35  =  55  sq.  in.  or  8  in.  pipe 
Bath  Room  8  x  10  x  8i  =  680  cu.  ft.  -5-  35  =  20  sq.  in.  or  7  in.  pipe 

Total  pipe  area : 

2  -  10  in.  pipes  78  sq.  in.  each  156  sq.  in. 

1  -    9  in.  pipe   64  sq.  in.  64  sq.  in. 

2  -    8  in.  pipes  50  sq.  in.  100  sq.  in. 
2  -    7  in.  pipes  38  sq.  in.   '  76  sq.  in. 

Total  pipe  area  396 

From  this  scale  we  can  determine  the  size  of  the  furnace  and 
the  cost  of  piping. 


52 


ESTIMATING 


A  furnace  to  carry  say  400  to  500  sq.  feet  of  pipe  area  would 
cost,  set  in  place,  from  $100  to  SI 25.  The  labor  on  pipes,  registers, 
and  furnace  $20  to  $24. 

The  cost  of  piping  will  depend  on  the  distances  to  run  but 
the  material  can  be  estimated  as  follows: 

Round  tin  pipes  will  cost;  from  A.  A.  charcoal  plates, as  follows: 


SIZE  OP  PIPE 

6" 

7" 

8" 

9" 

10" 

11" 

12" 

13" 

14" 

15" 

16" 

18" 

Per  Foot 

OP 

10 

I9 

14 

16 

IS 

93 

25 

97 

?8 

,30 

32 

Hot  Air  Damper 

I9 

I9 

I9 

1  5 

1  *» 

1  5 

18 

18 

18 

?ft 

?0 

°5 

Furnace  Collars. 

10 

10 

10 

I9 

I9 

14 

18 

18 

18 

90 

90 

95 

Tin  Elbows  .     . 

1? 

1  *> 

18 

90 

95 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

60 

70 

*  REGISTERS 


SIZE 

6x10 

7x10 

8x10 

8x12 

9x12 

10x14 

12x15 

12x16 

14x18 

16x20 

Black  Register  

.50 

.52 

.52 

.58 

.64 

1.08 

1.37 

1.70 

2.74 

3  75 

Slate  Stone 

38 

42 

44 

50 

.63 

70 

93 

1  00 

1  50 

2  35 

Register  Box 

.14 

.16 

17 

20 

23 

27 

33 

35 

38 

50 

Netting                     

05 

05 

06 

06 

07 

07 

08 

08 

10 

12 

Totals  

1.07 

1.15 

1.19 

1.34 

1.57 

2.12 

2.71 

3.13 

4.72 

6.72 

*  July,  1906.— Add  one-third. 

Galvanized  smoke  pipe  will  cost  9c  per  Ib.  and  will  weigh  per 
lineal  foot  as  follows: 


SIM 

No. 

4" 

5" 

6" 

7" 

~~3~ 
2J 

8" 

-9" 

10" 

li" 

12" 

13" 

14" 

22 
24 

13 
l\ 

2| 
If 

n 

31 
2| 

31 
2f 

*i 

3 

4} 

3| 

5 

3f 

5i 

s 

si 

41 

GALVANIZED  ELBOWS 


SIZE 

4" 

4^" 

5" 

5%" 

6" 

7" 

8" 

Pound  

1 

u 

H 

If 

?4 

?* 

3} 

Cost  

.18 

.20 

.23 

.25 

.28 

.32 

.35 

Tin,  per  Sheet 


DC 

12$  x  17 

.05 

IX 

14    x  20 

'.07 

IXX 

14    x20 

.08 

IX 

20    x23 

.12 

IX 

20    x  26 

.13 

IX 

20    x  29£ 

.16 

IX 

20    x  32| 

.17 

Miscellaneous  Data 


Galvanized  sheet  iron  per  Ib. 
Common  sheet  iron  per  Ib. 


10.05 
.04 


ESTIMATING  53 


Zinc  per  Ib.  $0.10 

Wrought  iron  per  Ib.  .  04 

Galvanized  piping  per  Ib.  .  09 

Galvanized  cold  air  box  per  Ib.  .  09 

Galvanized  furnace  shields  per  sq.  ft.  .08 

Register  box  netting  per  sq.  ft.  .05 

Asbestos  paper  at  1J  Ibs.  per  sq.  ydo  .05 

Figure  cold  air  supply  f  combined  area  of  piping. 

Register  grilles  take  up  J  of  area  of  register. 

Locate  registers  nearest  convenient  point  to  furnace,  inside 
part  of  room  preferred.  Locate  furnace  so  that  all  pipes  will  be  as 
nearly  equal  in  length  as  possible. 

Estimate  pipes  by  lineal  foot,  but  elbows  and  dampers  sepa- 
rately, also  registers  with  boxes  and  borders. 

Allow  from  $1.00  to  $1.25  for  flange  connection  of  cold  air 
box  to  furnace  casing. 

Cover  all  risers  with  asbestos  paper  in  partitions. 

HOT   WATER   AND   STEAM   HEATING 

In  estimating  for  heating  with  hot  water,  all  pipes  and  fittings 
must  be  taken  off  and  listed,  all  standard  radiators  priced  by  the 
square  foot  of  radiation,  and  special  radiators  listed  separately, 
also  tanks,  valves,  hangers,  etc. 

Radiators  are  listed  in  the  trade  catalogues,  together  with  the 
number  of  square  feet  in  each  section. 

These  prices  are  subject  to  varying  discounts  which  can  be 
obtained  of  the  manufacturers. 

Radiation.  The  amount  of  radiation  necessary  for  each  room 
depends  upon  so  many  varying  conditions  that  all  rules  are  in  a 
way  approximate. 

Certain  formulae  may  be  used,  which  will  give  good  results 
in  ordinary  cases,  but  just  what  allowances  are  necessary  must  be 
determined  by  the  heating  engineer. 

The  same  is  true  of  making  the  estimates  of  hot  water  or  steam 
and  the  contractor  should  in  all  cases  have  the  job  figured  by  an 
expert. 

In  ordinary  cases  the  amount  of  radiation  may  be  determined 


ESTIMATING 


from  the  cubic  contents  of  the  rooms  to  be  heated  by  the  following 
tables  which  give  the  proportions  of  one  square  foot  of  radiating 
surface  to  the  cubic  contents  of  the  various  rooms  in  cubic  feet. 

STEAM 


ONE  SQUARE  FOOT  OF  RADIATION  WILL  HEAT 

DWELLINGS, 
CUBIC  FEET 

HALLS, 
STORES,  ETC. 
CUBIC  FEET 

CHURCHEIS^ND 
AUDITORIUMS, 
CUBIC  FEET 

By  direct  radiation  — 
On  first  floor. 

35  to  60 

75  to  100 

125  to  200 

On  upper  floors  

50  to  80 

By  indirect  radiation  — 
On  first  floor  .  . 

25  to  40 

50  to  70 

80  to  135 

On  upper  floors  

40  to  50 

HOT  WATER 


ONE  SQUARE  FOOT  OF,RADIATION  WILL  HEAT 

DWELLINGS, 
CUBIC  FEET 

HALLS, 
STORES.  ETC. 
CUBIC  FEET 

CHURCHES  AND 
AUDITORIUMS, 
CUBIC  FEET 

By  direct  radiation  — 
On  first  floor  

15  to  25 

30  to  45 

50  to  85 

On  upper  floors.  . 

25  to  40 

By  indirect  radiation— 
On  first  floor. 

17  to  40 

45  to  65 

80  to  125 

On  upper  floors  

25  to  35 

Having  determined  the  amount  of  radiation,  piping,  and  fit- 
tings, the  labor  may  be  obtained  by  adding  about  20  per  cent  to 
the  cost  of  materials. 

PLUMBING 

So  wide  a  range  is  possible  in  the  selection  and  price  of  plumb- 
ing fixtures  that  no  very  useful  data  can  be  given  for  a  complete 
installation. 

For  instance,  in  one  house  the  price  of  a  single  bathroom,  fitted 
up  to  meet  the  fancies  and  purse  of  the  owner,  may  cost  more  than 
the  whole  plumbing  outfit  of  his  more  modest  neighbor. 

Nevertheless,  it  is  a  fact  that  the  plumbing  of  a  house  is  a  poor 
place  to  practice  economy,  as  no  part  of  the  construction  of  a  build- 
ing needs  more  careful  attention  in  execution  or  in  selection. 

In  general,  a  good  job  of  plumbing  will  cost  about  10  per  cent 
af  the  cost  of  the  building,  and  of  this  outlay  about  30  per  cent  will 
represent  the  labor. 

In  taking  off  plumbing  the  contractor  should  begin  at  the  sewer 


ESTIMATING  55 


or  cesspool,  if  the  drains  are  included,  or,  if  not,  at  the  outer  end  of 
the  soil  pipe,  and  take  off  carefully  every  pipe  with  its  fittings,  which 
should  be  itemized  carefully  as  this  data  will  be  useful  in  getting 
at  the  amount  of  caulking,  fitting,  etc. 

Soil  Pipes.  Soil  pipes  should  be  estimated  by  the  lineal  foot, 
allowing  in  each  joint  f  of  a  pound  of  lead  for  every  inch  in  diameter 
of  the  pipe. 

List  prices  of  pipe  and  fittings  can  be  obtained  from  the  dealers, 
which  are  subject  to  discount;  these  vary  from  time  to  time,  but  the 
present  discounts  will  be  found  to  bring  the  prices  of  the  more  com- 
mon materials  about  as  follows : 

DRAINAGE 

4-in.  extra  heavy  soil  pipe  per  ft.  $   .  30 

3-in.  extra  heavy  soil  pipe  per  ft.  .  22 

2-in.  extra  heavy  soil  pipe  per  ft.  .  15J 
For  fittings  add  35  per  cent  to  the  cost  of  pipe. 

4-in.  running  trap  2.00 

4-in.  brass  ferrule  cleanout  .  50 

4-in.  lead  bend  1-50 

4-in.  brass  ferrule  .50 

2-in.  brass  ferrule  .20 

Solder  per  Ib.  .22 

WATER   SUPPLY 

40  gal.  galvanized  boiler  and  stand  $15.00 

1-in.  brass  pipe  per  ft.  .60 

1-in.  galvanized  pipe  per  ft.  .09 

|-in.  galvanized  pipe  per  ft.  .06 

i-in.  galvanized  pipe  per  ft.  .05 

1-in.  stop  and  waste  cock  1 .50 

f-in.  stop  and  waste  cock  .90 

i-in.  stop  and  waste  cock  .  80 

Sill  cock  1.00 
For  fittings,  add  30  per  cent  to  cost  of  pipes. 

WATER 

1  cu.  ft  7. 48  gallons 

1  cu.  ft.  29. 92  quarts 


56 


ESTIMATING 


1  cu.  ft.,  62.321  Ibs. 
1  cu.  yd. 

1  gal,  231  cu.  in. 
1-foot  cylinder 
1-inch  cylinder 


1004  oz. 

1692  Ibs. 

8J  Ibs. 

49.1  Ibs. 

.028  Ibs. 


Pressure  per  sq.  in.  =  depth  in  feet  x  433. 

Each  27.72  inches  of  depth  gives  a  pressure  of  1  Ib. 

to  a  square  inch. 

A  barrel  31  i  gal. 

Contents  in  cu.  ft.  x  2375  =  barrels. 
Head  of  water  =  pressure  in  Ibs,  per  sq.  in.  x  2.31. 
Number  of  gallons  in  a  foot  of  pipe  =  Diam.  in. 

inches  2  x  .04. 

Supply  for  one  person  is  15  gallons  a  day. 
Actual  use  6  gallons  to  12  gallons. 
Water  34  feet  high  has  a  pressure  of  15  Ibs.  per  sq. 

in.  equal  to  atmosphere. 

CAPACITY  OF  CISTERNS 
In  Gallons,  for  Each  Foot  in  Depth 


DIAMETER  IN  FEET 

GALLONS 

iDlAMETER  IN  FEET 

GALLONS 

2. 

23.5 

9. 

475.87 

2.5 

36.7 

9.5 

553.67 

3. 

52.9 

10. 

587.5 

3.5 

71.96 

11. 

710.9 

4. 

94.02 

12. 

846.4 

4.5 

119. 

13. 

992.9 

5. 

146.8 

14. 

1,151.5 

5.5 

177.7 

15. 

1,321.9 

6. 

211.6 

20. 

2,350.0 

6.5 

248.22 

25. 

3,570.7 

7. 

287.84 

30. 

5,287.7 

7.5 

330.48 

35. 

7,189. 

8. 

376. 

40. 

9,367.2 

8.5 

424.44 

45. 

11,893.2 

The  American  Standard  gallon  contains  231  cubic  inches,  or  8>i  pounds  of  pure  water. 
A  cubic  foot  contains  62.3  pounds  of  water,  or  7.48  gallons.  Pressure  per  square  inch  is 
equal  to  the  depth  or  head  in  feet  multiplied  by  .433.  Each  27.72  inches  of  depth  gives  a 
pressure  of  one  pound  to  the  square  inch. 

For  tanks  that  taper,  take  diameter  -^  from  large  end. 

FIXTURES 

3-ft.  soapstone  sink  complete  *  $30.00  to  $40.00 

14-in.  x  17-in.  lavatory  with  marble  slab 
and  back  piece  fitted  complete  $35.00  to  $50.00 


HOUSE  AT  WASHINGTON,  ILL. 
Herbert  Edmund  Hewitt,  Architect,  Peoria,  I1L 

Walls  of  Cement  on  Metal  L,ath.    Roofs  Covered  with  Shingles  Stained  Green.  All  Outsldt 
Woodwork  Staim-d  Dark  Brown.   No  Paint  on  Outside  except  on  Sash. 


RAN 

HOUSE  AT  WASHINGTON,  ILL. 

Herbert  Edmund  Hewitt,  Architect,  Peoria,  111. 

Built  in  f904.    Cost,  about  $4,500.    House  was  Built  for  a  Summer  House,  bitf 

Constructed  the  Same  as  if  for  All  Year-Round  Use,  and 

Provided  with  Heating  Plant. 


ESTIMATING  57 


Enamelled  iron  lavatory  complete  $25.00  to  $40.00 
5-ft.  G-in.  enamelled  iron  bath  complete $60 . 00  to  $100.00 

Bath  tub  only  $25.00  to  $35.00 
Soapstone  laundry  trays  complete 

One  part  $15.00  to  $18.00 

Two  parts  $30.00  to  $35.00 

Three  parts  $45.00  to  $60.00 

List  prices  of  fittings  may  be  obtained  from  all  dealers,  subject 
to  large  discounts,  which  should  be  considered  frequently  as  they  are 
constantly  changing. 

Labor.  Having  made  a  complete  list  of  pipe,  fittings,  and  fixtures, 
the  labor  of  construction  of  an  ordinary  job  of  plumbing  will  run  from 
20  to  40  per  cent  of  the  cost  of  materials. 

GAS    FITTING 

As  in  plumbing  so  in  gas  fitting,  the  wide  range  of  selection  and 
cost  in  fixtures,  makes  it  impossible  to  give  satisfactory  data  in  regard 
to  cost. 

The  piping  only,  of  an  ordinary  house  will  cost  from  $1.75 
to  $2.00  an  outlet,  and  the  whole  outfit  should  cost  from  3  to  5  per 
cent  of  the  cost  of  the  house. 

Pipes  of  usual  size  cost  as  follows: 

f-in.  gas  pipe  per  foot  50 . 03 

J-in.  gas  pipe  per  foot  .  04 

f-in.  gas  pipe  per  foot  .  05 

1  J-in.  main  .08 

Fittings  25  per  cent  of  cost  of  pipe. 

ELECTRIC   WORK 

The  original  contract  for  a  house  usually  provides  for  the  wiring 
for  electric  lighting  and  bells,  but  fixtures  are  generally  left  to  be 
provided  for  by  a  later  agreement,  as  there  is  such  a  great  latitude 
in  selection  and  cost. 

For  electric  light  wiring  one  of  two  systems  is  usually  employed : 
the  conduit  system,  where  the  wires  are  all  run  in  pipes  or  conduits, 
and  the  knob  and  tube  system,  where  the  wires  are  run  in  the  clear 
space  between  timbers,  secured  to  porcelain  knobs,  or  passing  through 
short  tubes  of  the  same  material. 


58  ESTIMATING 


In  general,  the  rough  wiring  of  a  house  may  be  reckoned  at  $4.00 
per  outlet  for  conduit  work,  and  $2.00  per  outlet  for  knob  and  tube 
work. 

This  is  for  every  time  the  wires  are  brought  to  the  surface, 
whether  for  switches,  cutouts,  or  fixtures.  Another  way  is  to  allow 
$1.50  for  each  lamp  or  switch. 

Switches.  Various  kinds  of  switches  are  used,  the  two  principal 
kinds  being  the  push  button,  and  the  rotary  switch. 

These  vary  in  price  according  to  make  and  finish. 

A  good  rotary  switch  can  be  had  at  from  90  cents  to  $1 .00. 

Push  button  switches  from  $1.00  to  $1.10. 

Snap  switches  from  30  to  40  cents. 

Wires  are  sold  in  coils  which  are  marked  with  the  gauge  and 
manufacturer,  and  should  bear  the  label  of  inspection  acceptable  to 
the  local  Insurance  board. 

The  cost  of  wire  will  vary  with  the  gauge  and  the  insulation  but 
for  usual  house  work  should  cost,  for  No.  14  wire,  2  cents  a  foot. 

It  is  well  to  remember  that,  in  electric  wiring,  the  larger  the 
house,  the  more  per  outlet  the  wiring  will  cost.  This  seems  contrary 
to  expectation  but  is  occasioned  by  the  smaller  percentage  of  lights  to 
length  of  wire. 

Bells.  The  number  of  call  bells  in  a  dwelling  will  vary  according 
to  the  plan  and  choice  of  the  owner. 

For  an  ordinary  house  the  number  would  range  from  six  to 
ten,  and  the  cost  should  be  from  $18.00  to  $25.00  or  about  $3.00  per 
bell. 


HOUSE  AT  FKAMINGHAM,   MASS.,   AS  REMODELED   FOR 

C.  LA  VERNE  BUTLER,  ESQ. 
Frank  Chouteau  Brown,  Architect,  Boston,  Mass. 

Alterations  on  this  Plaster  House  Completed  in  the  Spring  of  1906  at  a  Cost  of 
$8,000.  Taking  into  Consideration  the  Changes  Made  In  the  House  and  the  Work 
Pnt  in  on  Repairing  and  Raising  the  Roof,  etc.,  an  Entirely  New  House  of  this 
Size  Could  be  Built  for  Nearly  this  Sum-Certainly  within  $9,000. 


ESTIMATING 

PART  II 


The  taking-off  of  quantities  and  making-up  of  an  actual  estimate, 
is  the  end  toward  which  our  efforts  are  now  directed.  This  is  done,  as 
has  been  said,  in  a  number  of  ways,  no  two  persons  arriving  at  the 
same  conclusion  or  following  exactly  the  same  methods.  To  give  the 
student  a  practical  idea  of  how  estimates  are  made,  we  shall  now  demon- 
strate the  method  of  procedure  in  an  actual  instance.  For  this  purpose, 
we  shall  take  the  case  of  the  wooden  Colonial  residence  of  which  the 
plans  and  working  drawings,  and  the  method  of  making  these,  are  fully 
described  in  the  course  on  "Architectural  Drawing,"  and  of  which  the 
details  are  also  described  to  a  certain  extent  in  the  chapters  on  "Building 
Superintendence;"  and  shall  proceed  at  once  to  take  off  the  quantities 
and  make  up  an  estimate  of  cost. 

Method.  The  usual  method  followed  is  to  take  off  the  quantities 
in  the  order  in  which  they  occur  in  the  specification  or  in  the  operation 
of  building,  beginning  with  the  Excavation  and  ending  with  the 
Painting. 

Two  methods  of  procedure  are  open  to  the  Contractor,  which  he 
may  avail  himself  of  according  to  his  experience  or  confidence.  He 
may  take  off  simply  his  own  particular  branch  of  the  work,  relying  on 
each  sub-contractor  to  give  him  a  price  for  the  detailed  portions  of  the 
work;  or,  if  he  is  a  general  contractor,  he  may,  with  the  requisite 
knowledge  of  general  building  operations,  take  off  all  the  quantities, 
pricing  them  according  to  his  knowledge,  and  may  submit  his  prop- 
osition on  the  basis  of  his  own  figures.  The  latter  method  requires 
great  experience,  and  is  followed  generally  by  large  contractors, 
who  have  in  their  employ  men  whose  business  is  mainly  to  take  off 
quantities  and  make  up  estimates. 

The  following  estimate  has  been  carefully  made  up  on  the  basis 
of  the  data  given  in  Part  I  .as  to  prices  of  materials  and  labor.  In 
actual  practice,  details  of  more  or  less  importance  will  vary  in  dif- 
ferent localities  and  among  different  contractors;  but  the  example 
here  given  illustrates  the  process  fully. 


a? 


& 

fcl 


62  ESTIMATING 


ESTIMATE 

OF 

RESIDENCE  AT  RIDGEDALE,  MO. 
FOR  GEORGE  A.  JONES,  ESQ. 


Staking-out  and  setting  batter-boards $15.00 

Water  supply  during  construction 10.00 

$25.00 

EXCAVATION 

NOTE. — Excavation  is  priced  by  the  cubic  yard;  and  in  this 
regard,  the  distance  to  which  the  excavated  material  must  be  carted 
will  be  an  important  consideration.  In  the  present  case,  the  material 
is  to  be  carried  only  a  short  distance,  so  that  no  unusual  conditions 
will  have  to  be  considered. 

As  before  mentioned,  it  is  usually  well  to  dig  a  cellar  at  least  a 
foot  larger  all  around  than  the  sill  line,  so  that  plenty  of  room  may  be 
afforded  to  the  mason  to  plaster  the  outside  of  the  wall.  This  should 
be  done  without  regard  to  the  specifications.  As  this  extra  excavation 
lies  entirely  outside  the  line  of  the  house,  it  may  be  well  to  take  it  off 
separately,  remembering  that  it  will  extend  down  into  the  trench 
below  the  wall,  making  about  8  feet  of  height. 

Cu.  FT. 

....  336 

....  272 

•; .'. .  83- 

...  140 

....  544 

.  328 


QUANTITIES  — 

42ft. 

Oin. 

X 

8ft. 

Oin. 

X 

1ft.  Oin. 

34ft. 

Oin. 

X 

8ft. 

Oin. 

X 

1  ft.  0  in. 

10ft. 

4  in. 

X 

8ft. 

Oin. 

X 

1ft.  Oin. 

17ft. 

6  in. 

X 

8ft. 

Oin. 

X 

1ft.  Oin. 

68ft. 

Oin. 

X 

8ft. 

Oin. 

X 

1ft.  Oin. 

41ft. 

Oin. 

X 

8ft. 

Oin. 

X 

1  ft.  0  in. 

CELLAR  EXCAVATIONS  — 

28ft. 

Oin. 

X 

43ft 

.Oin. 

X 

5  ft.  6  in 

12ft. 

6  in. 

X 

3ft 

.  0  in. 

X 

5  ft.  6  in 

26ft. 

Oin. 

X 

20  ft.  6  in. 

X 

5  ft.  6  in 

9ft. 

Oin. 

X 

6ft 

.6  in. 

X 

5  ft.  6  in 

322 


Carried  forward  11,784     cu.  ft 


DETAIL- OF-  FKOAT-  LLLVAT1QN- 


l/ee/tr~ 


Pig.  3 


64  ESTIMATING 


Brought  forward  1 1 ,784  cu.  ft. 
MISCELLANEOUS  QUANTITIES— 
Piers 

2ft.  0  in.   X    2  ft.  0  in.   X  3  ft.  6  in.   X   12      168 
Trench 

185  ft.  0  in.   X    1  ft.  8  in.   X   1  ft.  0  in 308 

Area 

14ft.  0  in.   X    2ft.  Sin.   X  3ft.  Gin 129 

Drains 

123 ft.  0 in.   X    3 ft.  6 in.   X   1ft.  Gin 645 

Cesspools 

5  ft.  6  in.   X    5  ft.  6  in.   X  8  ft.  0  in 242 

lOft.Oin.   XlOft.Oin.   X   8 ft.  0 in 800 

Dry  Wells 

6  X   2ft.  0 in.    X   2ft.  0 in.   X   oft.  0 in.       120 

Total,    TCT96  cu.  ft. 
Total,  14,196  cu.  ft.,  or  525  cu.  yds.,  at  50  cents   $262 . 50 

STONEWORK 


LS  IN 

TRENCH— 

Cu.  FT. 

16ft. 

Oin. 

X 

1 

ft. 

Sin. 

X 

1 

ft. 

Oin...-  

27 

16  ft. 

Oin. 

x 

1 

ft. 

Sin. 

x 

1 

ft. 

Oin. 

27 

12ft. 

6  in. 

S\ 

x 

1 

ft. 

Sin. 

x 

1 

ft. 

Oin.     . 

20. 

8 

3ft. 

Oin. 

X 

1 

ft 

Sin. 

X 

1 

ft. 

0  in. 

5 

23ft. 

Oin. 

x 

1 

Ft. 

Sin. 

x 

1 

ft. 

0  in  

38 

16ft. 

6  in. 

v 

1 

ft. 

Sin. 

x 

1 

ft. 

Oin 

27. 

5 

28ft. 

Oin. 

XX 

x 

1 

ft. 

Sin. 

rN 

x 

1 

ft. 

0  in  

46 

28ft. 

Oin. 

x 

1 

ft. 

Sin. 

x 

1 

ft. 

Oin  

46 

14ft. 

6  in. 

x 

1 

ft. 

Sin. 

x 

1 

ft. 

Oin.  .    . 

24 

4ft. 

6  in. 

/x 

X 

1 

ft. 

Sin. 

X 

1 

ft. 

Oin  

7. 

5 

23ft. 

Oin. 

X 

1 

ft. 

Sin. 

X 

1 

ft. 

Oin.  . 

38 

Total,  306. 8 cu.  ft. 
307    cu.    ft.  4-  25  ==  12  perches  of  dry  wall. 

MORTAR  WALLS— 

16 ft.  Oin.   X  6 ft.  7 in.   X   1ft.  8 in J75 

16 ft.  Oin.   X  6ft.  7 in.   X   1ft.  Sin 175 

9  ft  6  in.   X  8  ft.  3  in.   X   1ft.  8  in 130 

Carried  forward  480  cu.  ft. 


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Fig.  4, 


ESTIMATING 


Brought  forward  480  cu.  ft. 

23ft.  0  in.  X  8ft.  Sin.  X  1ft.  Sin.  ......  .316 

12  ft.  0  in.  X  6ft.  Tin.  X  1ft.  Sin.  ......  132 

28  ft.  0  in.  X  8ft.  3  in.  X  1ft.  8  in 385 

6ft.  0 in.  X  6ft.  Tin.  X  1ft.  6 in 59 

10ft.  Oin.  X  6ft.  Tin.  X  Ift.Oin.  ......  66 

8ft.6in.  X  6ft.Tin.  X  Ift.Sin .  .  93 

9ft.0in.  X  8ft.3in.  X  Ift.Sin 123 

25  ft.  Oin.  X  6ft.  Tin.  X  Ift.Sin 2T4 

6  ft.  0  in.  X  6  ft.  T  in.  X  1  ft.  8  in 66 

23  ft.  Oin.  X  6ft.  Tin.  X  Ift.Sin.  ......  252 

PIERS— 

2ft.  6  in.  X  5ft.  6  in.  X  Ift.Oin 14 

2 ft.  6 in.  X  5 ft.  6 in.  X  1  ft.  Oin..  .  .  .  .  .  14 

2  ft.  0  in.  X  2  ft.  0  in.  X  1  ft.  0  in 4 

12ft.  Oin.  X  3ft.  6in.  X  2ft.  Oin 84 

12 ft.  Oin.  X  3 ft.  6 in.  X  2 ft.  Oin.           ..  84 

AREA— 

14ft.  Oin.  X  3ft.  6 in.  X  1ft.  6 in T3 

Total,  2,519  cu.  ft 

2,519  cu.  ft  -r-  25  =  101  perches  of  mortar  wall. 


UNDERPINNING— 

Cu.Fr. 

16ft. 

Oin. 

X 

1 

ft. 

Sin. 

X 

1 

ft. 

Sin  ' 

45 

16ft. 

Oin. 

x 

1 

ft. 

8  in. 

x 

1 

ft. 

8  in  

45 

6ft 

Oin. 

s\ 

y 

1 

ft 

8  in. 

x 

1 

ft. 

Sin. 

IT 

\J  1  1* 

12ft. 

Oin. 

/\ 

X 

1 

ft. 

Sin. 

s\ 

X 

1 

ft. 

8  in  

34 

6ft 

Oin. 

y 

1 

ft. 

Oin. 

x 

1 

ft. 

Oin. 

6 

\J    1  l« 

8ft 

fiin 

/\ 

y 

J 

ft. 

Sin. 

/N 

y 

1 

ft. 

Sin 

23 

Oil* 

25  ft. 

!  '  111* 

Oin. 

s\ 

y 

1 

ft 

Sin. 

/\ 

x 

1 

ft. 

Sin. 

TO 

6ft. 

Oin. 

/\ 

X 

1 

ft. 

Sin. 

S\ 

X 

1 

ft. 

8  in.  ....... 

.   IT 

23ft. 

Oin. 

X 

1 

ft. 

Sin. 

X 

1 

ft. 

8  in.  ../... 

64 

14ft. 

Oin. 

X 

2ft. 

Oin. 

X 

1 

ft. 

6  in  

42 

Total, 

363cu.ft. 

363  cu.  ft.  -i-  25  ==  14 J  perches  of  underpinning. 

Summary  of  Stonework — 

12    perches  of  dry  wall,  at  $3.00 $  36.00 

Carried  forward  $  36.00 


ESTIMATING  67 


Brought  forward  $     36 . 00 

101    perches  of  mortar  walls,  at  $4.25 429 . 25 

14J  perches  of  underpinning,  at  $6 . 50 94 . 25 

Total  cost  of  Stonework,     $559.50 

PLASTERING  WALLS  WITH  CEMENT 

192ft.0in.  X  6ft.7in.  =  l,264sq.ft.  =  1 40 sq. yds., at $.40  $  56.00 

CESSPOOLS 

LEACHING  CESSPOOL— 

23  ft.  6  in.  X  8  ft.  0  in.  X  1  ft.  6  in.  =  282  cu.  ft.  -h  25= 

1 1 J  perches. 

11J-  perches  at  $3.50. $39.65 

Cover , 2.50        42. 15 

TIGHT  CESSPOOL— 

11  ft.  6  in.  X  8ft.  0  in.  =  92  sq.  ft.  X   15  bricks  = 
1,380  bricks. 

1,380  bricks  at  $20.00  per  M $27.60 

Ironcover    3.00        30.60 

DRY  WELLS 

2  ft.  0  in.  X  2  ft.  0  in.  X  5  ft.  6  in.  X  12  =  264  cu.  ft.  -r-  25  = 

1 1  perches 
11  perches  at  $2.50 27.50 

DRAINS 

171  ft.  at  $.20 $34.20 

14bendsat$.30 4.20        38.40 

Total  cost  of  Stonework,  Cesspools,  and  Drains  $754.15 

BRICKWORK 

NOTE. — Find  the  number  of  bricks  in  a  foot  of  height  in  each 
chimney  or  pier,  reckoning  five  courses  to  the  foot  of  height. 

CELLAR — 

35     X  8 280 

107J  X  8 860 

55     X  8 440 

Carried  forward    1,580  bricks 


TT 


f  OG,  -  GEO&GE.-A-JDM&J- 

0UILrtE- 
60IL.DWJ 


•PLAN-  OF-  FlfcJT  -  FtOOR,- 


Fig.  5. 


cx 


k 


i 


ESTIMATING  71 


Brought  forward     1,580  bricks 
VERANDA  PIERS — 

58J  X  10 585 

CHIMNEYS — 

107J  X     6  ft.  6  in 700 

105     X   lift.  0  in 1,155 

35     X   lift.  0  in 385 

35     X     4ft.  Gin 157 

127^  X     5  ft.  6  in 701 

35     X   19ft.  Oin 665 

57i  X     4ft.  Oin 230 

127J  X   11  ft.  Oin 1,402 

7,560  bricks 
.  Summary — 

7,560  bricks  at  $20.00  per  M.,  laid ......          $  151 . 20 

3  fireplaces  at  $30.00  each .  .  .         90.00 

FLUE  LININGS — 

26ft,  13  in.   X   13  in., at  $.35 9.10 

36ft.,   9 in.  round,  at  $.30 10.80 

68ft.,8J  X   13,  at  $.30 20.40 

Total  cost  of  Brickwork-and  Flue  Linings,     $  281 . 50 

CONCRETING 

SQ.  FT. 

23  ft.  0  in.   X  38  ft.  0  in 874 

3  ft.  0  in.   X     9  ft.  6  in 28J 

15  ft.  0  in.   X  26  ft.  0  in 390 

4ft.  Oin.   X     7ft.  Oin 28 

1,320  sq.  ft. 
Total,  1,320  sq.ft.  =  147  sq.  yds.,  at  $.60 $88.20 

PLASTERING 

NOTE. — Take  off  square  feet  of  plastered  surfaces,  and  deduct 
one-half  of  the  openings,  after  reducing  to  sq.  yds. 
CELLAR —  SQ.  FT. 

23 ft.  Oin.   X  38 ft.  Oin.: 874 

9  ft.  6  in.   X     3  ft.  0  in J 28 

Carried  forward        902  sq.  ft. 


RJLJJDEMCJL-  AT-  JWDGEDALE, 


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.  8. 


ESTIMATING  73 


Brought  forward    902  sq.  ft. 

15  ft.  6  in.   X   26  ft.  0  in 403 

30ft.0in.   X     8ft.0in 240 

1,545  sq.ft. 
FIRST  STORY— 

25ft.0in.   X  40ft.0in 1,000 

11  ft.  0  in.   X     3  ft.  0  in 33 

25  ft.  Gin.   X   16  ft.  Gin... 420 

490  ft.  0  in.   X     9  ft.  0  in 4,410 


SECOND  STORY- 


5,863  sq.  ft. 


SQ.  FT. 

25ft.  Oin.   X  40ft.  0  in 1,000 

16  ft.  6  in.   X   19ft  Oin 313 

520ft.  Oin.   X     8ft.  6  in 4,420 

5,733  sq.  ft. 
Total  amount  of  plastered  surfaces,  13,141  sq.  ft. 

OUTS— 

32  doors,  average  40  sq.  ft 1,280 

34  windows,  average  15  sq.  ft 510 

1,790  sq.  ft. 
1,790  sq.ft.    +  2  ==  895  sq.ft. 

13,141  sq.  ft.  less  895  sq.  ft.  =  =  12,246  sq.  ft.  =  1,361  sq.  yds. 

Total  cost  of  Plastering  1,361  sq.  yds.,  at  $ .  40 $  544 . 40 

CARPENTER  WORK 

FRAME— 

Ft.  B.  M. 

1881inearft.,  6  X     6 in.  sill 564 

136    "       "     4  X     Gin.  " 272 

74     "       "     8  X   10  in.  girders 494 

250    "       "     4  X     Gin.  posts 500 

188    "       "     4  X     Gin. girts   376 

2,206 

2,206ft.  B.  M.  at  $38.00  per  M $  83.82 

FIRST-STORY  FRAME,  BRIDGING  AND  UNDER  FLOOR— 

25 ft.  Oin.   X  40ft.  Oin. 1,000 

Carried  forward  "          ~$  83.82 


o'ra34i«7es 
of  I    I    I    I    I    I    I    I    I    I 


Fig.  9. 


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Fig.  10. 


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OF 


76  ESTIMATING 


Brought  forward  $  83 . 82 

llft.Oin.   X     3  ft.  0  in 33 

26  ft.  0  in.   X    16  ft.  6  in 429 

1,462  sq.ft. 

1,462  sq.ft.  =  14.62  squares,  at  $9.35  per  square $  136.70 

UPPER  FLOOR — 
Hard  Pine 

25  ft.  6  in.  X  16  ft.  6  in.  =      421  sq.  ft.,  at  $10.50 

per  square $     44 . 21 

Oak 

25  ft.  0  in.  X  40  ft.  0  in.  -  1,000  sq.  ft. 
llft.Oin.  X    3  ft.  0  in.  =         33    " 

1,033  sq.  ft. 

1,033  sq.  ft.  at  $20.00  per  square $  206 .60 

PORCH  FLOOR— 

6ft.  0  in.   X    llft.Oin.   =       66  sq.ft. 
9  ft.  0  in.   X     5  ft.  0  in.   =       45     " 
PIAZZA  FLOOR— 

26  ft.  0  in.   X     9  ft.  0  in.   ----  234     " 
20  ft.  6  in.   X     7  ft.  0  in.   =     144     y 

"489  sq.  ft. 

489  sq.  ft.  at  $12.35  per  square $     60.39 

SECOND-STORY  FRAME,  BRIDGING  AND  STRAPPING  FLOORS— 

40  ft.  0  in.   X   25  ft.  0  in 1,000  sq.ft. 

20  ft.  0  in.   X   17  ft.  0  in 340  "  " 

1,340  sq.ft. 

1,340  sq.ft.  at  $18.00  per  square $  241.20 

THIRD  STORY— 

l,340sq.  ft.  at  $10. 10  per  square. ... $  135.34 

ROOF  FRAME,  BOARDING  AND  SHINGLES- 

30  ft.  0  in.  X  16  ft.  6  in.  X  2  sides . .     990  sq.  ft.    , 
34  ft.  0  in.  X  16ft.  6  in.  X  2  sides..  1,122  "  " 

2,1 12  sq.ft. 

2,1 12  sq.ft.  at  $16.67  per  square $  352.07 

FLASHING $    40.00 

.TiN  ROOF,  FRAME  AND  BOARDING— 

21ft.0in.   X   7ft.6in 157 sq.ft. 

Carried  forward  $  1 , 300 . 33 


-PLAN-Or-THlRD-FLOOR-cS-'ROOF- 


l  a  3  4-\5  ©  7  S 


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Fig.  11. 


78  ESTIMATING 


Brought  forward  $1 ,300 . 33 

19ft.  Oin.   X   6ft.  Gin 124sq.  ft. 

llft.Oin.   X  5 ft.  6 in 60  "  " 

14ft.  Oin.   X  9 ft.  6 in JL33  "  " 

"474  sq.ft. 

474sq.  ft.  at  $20.92  per  square $     99.16 

OUTSIDE  WALLS,  STUDDING  AND  BOARDING— 

172  ft.  Oin.  X  20ftOin 3,440  sq.ft. 

6 ft.  6 in.  X  10 ft.  Oin.  X  2 sides       130  "  " 
3  ft.  0  in.  X    9  ft.  0  in.  X  2  sides  _     54  "  " 

3,624  sq.ft. 

3,624  sq.  ft.  at  $8.30  per  square  $  300 . 79 

INSIDE  STUDDING— 

180  ft.  0  in.  X    9  ft.  Oin...  ....>...   1,620  sq.ft. 

196  ft.  0  in.  X    8  ft.  6  in 1,666"    " 

28ft.  Oin.  X    8ft.  Oin 224  "    " 

3, 510"  sq.  ft. 

3,510  sq.  ft.,  at  $4.00  per  square  $  140.40 

CLAPBOARDING— 

44  ft.  0  in.  X  19  ft.  0  in.  X  2  sides .   1,  672  sq.  ft. 

6  ft.  0  in.  X    8  ft.  O'in.  X  2  sides .         96  "  " 

2  ft.  0  in.  X    9  ft.  0  in.  X  2  sides .         36  "  " 

39 ft.  Oin.  X  19 ft.  Oin.  X  2 sides.    1,482  "  " 

3,286  sq.  ft. 

3,286  sq.  ft.  at  $7.'95  per  square .  .  .  $261 . 23 
Deduct  for  stock  only,  36  windows 

=  54T  sq.  ft.,  at  $4.70  per  square      25.38          $  235 . 85 

MISCELLANEOUS 

DORMERS— 

6,at$50each $  300.00 

MAIN  CORNICE— 

180  ft.,  at  $1.25  per  ft 225.00 

BALUSTRADE  ON  ROOF — 

96  ft,  at  $0.50  per  ft $48.00 

18  posts,  at  $1.50  each 27.00  75.00 

Carried  forward  $2,676.53 


ESTIMATING  79 


PIAZZA  FINISH —  Brought  forward  $2,676.53 

Cornice— 

102  ft.,  at  $2.00  per  ft 204.00 

Columns — 

9  in  place,  at  $10.00  each 90.00 

Corner  Pilasters — 

2J  in  place,  at  $8.00  each 20.00 

Balustrade — 

76  ft.,  at  $.50  per  ft $38.00 

Small  Posts— 

8J,  at$1.00each 12.00  50.00 

OutsideSteps 25.00 

Lattice — 

55  ft.  0  in.  X  1  ft.  6  in.  =  82J  sq.  ft.,  at  $.15 

persq.  ft 12.37 

Porch  Ceiling — 

111  sq.ft.,  at  $10.00  per  square 11.10 

BULKHEAD  STEPS 25 .00 

CORNER  BOARDS — 

252 ft.  0 in.  X  Sin.  =  168 sq.  ft,  at $.30 persq.  ft.       50.40 
WATER  TABLE— 

117J  linear  ft,  at  $.20  per  ft 23.50 

WINDOWS  AND  FRAMES — 
Attic— 

4  windows,  circular  top,  at $11 . 20  each      $  44 . 80 

4  Tvindows,  square,  at $5 . 25  each          21 .00 

Second  Story — 

8  windows,  3  ft  6 in.   X  5ft  0 in.,  at  $13. 33 each      $106.64 
7  windows,  2  ft  6  in.   X  4ft  6  in.,  at  $11 .44 each          80.08 
First  Story — 

1  window,   2ft  6in.   X  4ft  6  in $  11.44 

2  windows,  2  ft.  6  in.   X  5  ft.  6  in.,  at  $12 . 00  each          24 . 00 
2  windows,  2  ft.  6  in.   X  3  ft.  9  in. ,  at  $1 1 . 00  each          22 . 00 
2  pairs  French  windows  (oak), 

4  ft.  6  in.   X  7  ft.  6  in.,  at  $18 . 24  each         36 . 48 
1  window,  3  ft.  4  in.   X  5  ft.  6  in.  (oak  finish) ....         16 . 57 

Carried  forward  $3,550.91 


H.P. 

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Fig.  12. 


H-P. 

-LEDGER- 
•BOARD- 


ESTIMATING  81 


Brought  forward  $3,550.91 

1  window,  3  ft.  4  in.   X  5  ft.  6  in.  (birch  finish)  ..  16.57 

1  window,  2  ft.  6  in.   X  5  ft.  6 in.  (birch  finish)  . .  14.45 

2  windows,  3  ft.  4  in.   X  5  ft.  5  in.  (whitewood),  at 

/. . $13.33each  26.66 

4  windows,  2 ft.  6 in.   X  4ft.  Gin.  (N.  C.  pine), at 

.-.: $11 .44each  45.76 

FRONT  DOOR,  with  side  and  top  lights — 

3  ft.  3  in.   X   7  ft.  6  in. , 56.33 

REAR  DOOR — 

2  ft.  10  in.   X  7  ft.  6  in 13.46 

CELLAR  SASHES — 

12,  at $3.25 each. 39.00 

INSIDE  FINISH — 

Coal  bins  in  basement,  240  sq.  ft. 

Studding  240  sq.  ft.  at  $3 . 00  per  square  $  7 . 20 

Boarding240     "      "$4.75      "       "      11.40 

Labor  on  2  doors,  one  day 3 . 25  21 . 85 

COLD-AIR  Box — 

3  ft.  0  in.  X  1  ft.  0  in.,  25  ft.  long,  at  $.62  per  linear  ft 15 . 50 

BASEMENT  PARTITIONS — 

46  ft.  0  in.  X  8  ft.  0  in.,  368  sq.  ft.,  at  $8.75  per  square ...  32 . 20 

3  doors,  at  $8.87  each 26.61 

67J  ft.  shelving,  at  $.15  per  ft 10. 12 

1  door  to  bulkhead 10.00 

FIRST  STORY— 

1  door,  2  ft.  8  in.  X  7  ft.  6  in.  (whitewood  and  birch  finish)  20 . 67 

1  pair  sliding  doors  (whitewood  and  birch  finish)      53 . 52 

40  ft.  birch  base  at  $.20  per  ft 8.00 

1  door,  3  ft.    3  in.   X  7  ft.  6  in.  (whitewood  and  oak)  ....  22 . 67 

1  door,  2  ft.  10  in.   X  7  ft.  6  in.  (whitewood  and  oak) 20 . 67 

WOOD  CORNICE  IN  DINING  ROOM —     . 

56  ft.,  6  in.   X  6  in.  (birch),  at  $.48  per  ft $26 . 88 

56  ft.  picture  moulding,  at  $.06  per  ft 3.36  30.24 

WOOD  CORNICE  IN  LIBRARY — 

82  ft.,  6  in.   X  6  in.  (oak),  at  $.48  per  ft $39.36     

Carried  forward  $39.36     $4,035.19 


82  ESTIMATING 


Brought  forward  $39.36     $4,035.19 

82  ft.  picture  moulding,  at  $.06  per  ft 4.92  44 . 28 

OAK  BASE — 

72ft.  at$.20perft 14.40 

1  door,  3  ft.  0 in.  X  7 ft.  6 in  (whitewood) 12.59 

VESTIBULE  DOOR,  side  lights  and  top  light,  same  as  front  door.  56 . 33 

WHITEWOOD  BASE,  101  ft.,  at  $.10  per  ft 10 . 10 

Sdoors  (N.  C.  pine),  at$9.48each 47.40 

CHINA  CLOSET  FINISH 100 . 00 

PANTRY. 50.00 

KITCHEN  AND  BACK  ENTRY  SHEATHING— 

65  linear  ft,  at  $.40  per  ft 26.00 

MANTELS — 

Allowance $125.00 

Labor  of  setting 6.50    $131 .50 

SECOND  STORY— 

16  doors  stock,  at  $9.48  each $151.68 

1  archinhall 10.00 

2  wood  columns,  at  $10. 00 each 20.00 

5  closets,  at  $3.50 each '. 17.50 

1  linen  closet    25.00 

1  linen  closet 20.00 

THIRD  STORY— 

2 doors,  finished  one  side,  at  $7.04  each .  .$  14.08 

1  closet  door 7 . 04 

Tank .'..'. 10.00 

Finished  floor,  100  sq.  ft 7.25 

Base,  14  ft.,  at  $.10  per  ft 1 .40 

CONDUCTORS— 

120  ft.,  at  $.13  per  ft,  put  up. .        $15.60 

6goosenecks, at$1.00each 6.00      $  21 .60 

CUTTING  AND  FITTING  FOR  PLUMBING  AND  HEATING 35 . 00 

FREIGHT,  FARES  AND  EXPENSES 50 . 00 

[NSURANCE 10.00 

Total  cost  of  Carpenter  Work $4,928.34 


-ALU  /"XAltt  RAFTER5 
TO  BE  2X7"-2O'-O-C 
PORttER  RAfTERS  Z*(,'-2(>O£. 


OF- ROOF- 

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84  ESTIMATING 


STAIRS 

FRONT  STAIRS — 

128ft.  spruce,  at$30per  M 3.84 

120ft.  whitewood,  at$70per  M 8.40 

85  ft.  quartered  oak,  at  $150  per  M.      .......   12.75 

30  ft.  mahogany  rail  and  turn    24 . 00 

5  paneled  posts  at  $5.00 each 25.00 

105  balusters  at  $.15  each 15.75 

11  nosings  at  $.06  each 66 

25  scotias  at  $.03  each .75 

Nails,  glue,  etc 1 . 00 

Labor  56.00      $148.15 

BACK  STAIRS — 
First  Flight— 

55  ft.  spruce,  at  $30  per  M $  1.65 

105ft.  N.  C.  pine,  at  $60  per  M  6.30 

16  scotias  at  $.03  each 48 

Nails,  etc : . .       .75 

Labor 16.00          25.18 

Second.  Flight— 

54  ft.  spruce,  at  $30  per  M $  1.62 

110ft.  N.  C.  pine,  at  $60  per  M 6.60 

17  scotias  at  $.03  each .51 

Nails,  etc 75 

Ipost 75 

4ft.  rail,at$.12iperft 50 

12  balusters  at  $.06J  each .75 

Labor 17.00          28.48 

CELLAR  STAIRS — 

40  ft.  spruce,  at  $30  per  M $  1.20 

75ft.  N.  C.  pine,  at  $60  per  M 4.50 

Post 50 

Rail 1.20 

Labor 5.00          12.40 

$214.21 

Framing 2 . 00 

Total  cost  of  Stairs . .  .  $216 . 21 


ESTIMATING  85 


HARDWARE 

NOTE. — This  estimate  is  based  upon  a  fair  quality  of  hardware, 
the  butts  being  of  bronze-plated  steel,  the  knobs  of  struck-up  bronze 
metal,  with  rose  and  escutcheon  combined;  the  sash  fasts  of  solid 
bronze  metal,  also  lifts  and  catches. 

BASEMENT 

BULKHEAD,  OUTSIDE— 

2  pairs  extra  heavy  galv.  T  hinges,    8-inch  at 

$.85  each $1 .70 

2  hooks  and  staples,  5-inch,  at $ .  10  each         .  20 

Labor 1.00 

BULKHEAD,  INSIDE— 

1  pair  heavy  T  hinges,  8-inch 15 

1  thumb-latch 10 

Labor 50 

THREE  DOORS— 

3  pairs  butts,  3£   X  S^-inch,  at $ .  15  each        . 45 

3  sets  locks  at $.45 each      1 .35 

Labor 1 .50 

HINGED  WINDOWS — 

12  pairs  butts,  l^-inch,  at $ .  06  each       .  72 

12hooksand  eyes,at     $.02each  .24 

12  buttons,  at $.02  each       .24 

Labor 1.50    $  9.65 

FIRST  FLOOR 

ENTRANCE  DOOR — 

H  pairs  butts,  4i  X  4J-inch,  at $.38  each  $  .57 

1  set  locks,  bronze  metal 9 . 50 

Labor 2.00 

SEVEN  INSIDE  DOORS,  FRONT— 

7  pairs  butts,  3J  X  3  J-inch,  at $ .  30  each  2.10 

7sets locks  at $1  .OOeach  7.00 

Labor  .  5.25 


Carried  forward  $26 .42       $9 . 65 


D 


3IX:TION  •  THRO'-KITCHEN  -PANTRY- 


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SECTIOK-  -THRO'- CHINA -CLOSET- 


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if       9        6       3        °t                                  1?°OT. 
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Fig.  14. 


ESTIMATING  87 


Brought  forward  $26 .42      $9 . 65 

SIDE  ENTRANCE  DOOR— 

1 J  pairs  butts,  4|  X  4  J-inch,  at $ .  38  each         .  57 

1  set  locks : : 2.25 

Labor 1 .00 

ONE  PAIR  SLIDING  DOORS,  5  ft.  0  in.— 

1  sethangers,  5  ft.  0  in,  Double   3.50 

1  setS.  D.  locks 2.50 

Labor  ... 2.00 

Six  INSIDE  BACK  PORTIONS— 

6setslock  sat $.45 each      2.70 

6  pairs  butts,  3J  X  Si-inch,  at $ .  15  each         .  90 

Labor 4.00 

BACK  DOORS — 

li  pairs  butts,  4£  X  4j-mch,  at $ .  20  each         .  30 

1  set  locks 2.25 

Labor 1.00 

ICE-CHEST  DOOR — 

1  pair  butts,  3  X  3-inch    !........, 40 

1 IH  lever,  galvanized    .  .  .  .  : .60 

1  brass  hasp  and  padlock 1 . 50 

Labor 50 

CHINA  CLOSET — 
2  pairs  glass  doors — 

2  pairs  butts,  2  J  X  2  J-inch,  at $ .  26  each        .  52 

2  elbow  catches,  at    $ .  06  each        .  12 

2  cupboard  catches,  at $ .  15  each        .  30 

1  pair*  cupboard  doors — 

,   2  pairs  butts,  2  J  X  2^-inch,  at $ .  10  each        .  20 

1  elbow  catch *     .06 

1  cupboard  catch .15 

20  drawer-pulls,  at $.06each      1.20 

Labor ,..,.. 2.50 

PANTRY— 

4  cupboard  doors — 

4  pairs  butts,  2  J  X  2^-inch,  at $ .  10  each_     .40 

Carried  forward  $57 .84      $9 . 65 


ESTIMATING 


Brought  forward  $57.84      $9.65 

4  cupboard  catches,  at $ .  15  each  .  60 

1  bbl.  swing .75 

10 drawer-pulls, at    $.06each  .60 

Labor t ...  2.00 

WINDOWS— 

15  sash  fasts,  at $.30 each    .  4.50 

30 sash  lifts,  at '.$.06 each  1.80 

Labor 7 .50 

CASEMENT  WINDOWS, 

4  pairs  butts,  3  X  3-inch,  at $ .  50  each  2 . 00 

2  pairs  flush  bolts,  at  $1.00  each  2.00 

2  casement  fasts,  at $.45  each  .90 

Labor 1.00    $81.49 

SECOND  FLOOR 

SIXTEEN  DOORS — 

16  pairs  butts,  3J  X  3Wnch,  at  .....  .$.30  each  $  4.80 

16sets locks,  at $.90each    14.40 

Labor 10.40 

WINDOWS — 

14  sash  fasts,  at $.30each      4.20 

1  sash  fast , 35 

28  sash  lifts,  at $.06each      1.68 

2sashlifts,at : $.10each        .20 

Labor 7.00 

Six  DRAWERS  IN  LINEN  CLOSET— 

12 drawer-pulls,  at $.06each        .72 

Labor .25    $44.00 

BATHROOM — 

1  pair  butts,  3J  X  3i-mch  (nickel-plate)    40 

1  set  locks*  (nickel-plate) 1 .25 

Labor .75        $  2.40 

ATTIC 

Two  DOORS — 

2  pairs  butts,  3i  X  3J-mch,at  . . .  .$.12  each. . .  .$.24 

2  sets  locks,  at $.45  each 90 

Labor  .  ...1.00 


Carried  forward  $2.14     $137.54 


j/EOTIO/1  •  THRO' 
•WmPOW.  OVER-  FRONT-  WOR 


Fig.  15. 


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a                   iz^fOfc-GBOJ^EA-JOMBJ^ 

7 
1 

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FLA/H/NG  -N.                       S 

Fig.    16. 


ESTIMATING  91 


, 


Brought  forward  $2 . 14      $137 . 54 

Two  Low  DOORS — 

2  pairs  butts,  2J  X  2i-mch,  at  ....  $.10  each 20 

2  cupboard  turns,  at $.35  each 70 

Labor . . 1 .00 

WINDOWS — 

8  sash  fasts,  at   . . . $.30  each.  .  .  .2.40 

16  sash  lifts,  at . . . $.06  each 96 

Labor ..  .4.00 

6doz.  H.  &  C.  hooks,  639i,  at  ...  .$.50  doz.  .    .  .3.00 

3doz.  base  knobs,  at .$.35  doz.  ....  1 .05 

Labor .2.50      $  17.95 

Total  cost  of  Hardware  put  on $155 .49 

HEATING 

FURNACE— 

1  No.  28  Crawford  furnace  (28-in.  firepot)  .  .   $125 .00 
22  ft.  8-in.   galv.  iron  smoke-pipe,  55  Ibs., 

at $.091b.        4.95 

REGISTERS— 

1  14  X  18-in.  register,  stone,  box  and  netting,       4.72 
4   9  X  12-in.  registers,  stone,  box  and  netting, 

at .'....' $1.57  each       6.28 

4    8  X  10-in.  registers,  stone,  box  and  netting, 

at $1.19  each      4.76 

4  8  X  10-in.  registers,  stone,  box  and  netting, 

at $1.15  each       4.60 

PIPING,  including  dampers,  collars,  and  elbows — 

12  ft.  14-in.  tin  pipe,  at $ .  27  per  ft. .  .         3 . 24 

64ft.9-in.     "     "      at $.16"    "..       10.24 

278ft.7-in.     "     "      at $.10    "    "..       27.80 

COVERING  FOR  RISERS  (6  Ibs.  asbestos  paper  per  pipe)— 

5  risers,  30  Ibs.,  at  $.05  Ib 1 .50 

PLASTERING  RINGS  IN  CELLAR— 

For  13  pipes  at  $.20  each 2.60 

$  195.69 
Office  expense  and  profit   48.92      $244.61 

Carried  forward  $244 . 61 


-AT-fclCGEDAlX-'/'VO 
K7H-  GEORGE.- A jJOMEJ-  -  £JQj- 
AKCMITICT- 


Fig.  17. 


ESTIMATING  93 


Brought  forward  $244 . 6 1 
LABOR— 

Measuring  and  laying  out  risers,  man  1  day  .  $4 . 80 

Erecting  risers,  man  2  days,  helper  1  day ....  12 . 00 
Laying  out  and  erecting  cellar  pipes  and  fur- 

•  nace,  man  3  days,  helper  2  days 19 . 20 

Finishing,  man  1  day    4.80 

Cartingand  expenses 10.00          50.80 

Total  cost  of  Heating  Apparatus $  295 .41 

PLUMBING 

WASTE  AND  SOIL  PIPES — 

2  4-in.  lead  bends,  at$1.10each $2.20 

2  4-in.  sleeves,  at  $.65  each 1 . 30 

5  2-in.      "       at   $.28each 1 .40 

2  3  X  2-in.  sleeves,  at  $.45  each 90 

1  li-in.  Pemberton trap 6.80 

30  Ibs.  solder,  wiping,  at  $.25  Ib 7 . 50 

2  trap  plugs,  at  $.42  each .84 

2  6-in.  traps,  at$2.35each 4.70 

1  6-in.  cesspool   3 .00 

4  1  J-inch  solder  nipples,  at  $ .  15  each .60 

1  4-in.  roof  flashing 1 . 35 

Soil  pipe 47.87 

15  ft.  li-in.  lead  pipe,  No.  55 3 .24 

50  ft.    2-in.  iron  pipe 

40ft.  li-in.     "       " 

Soil  fittings,  J  cost  of  pipe 1 5 . 96 

Cast-iron  fittings,  20  per  cent 1.79    $  108 . 41 

MISCELLANEOUS  FITTINGS— 

3  4-in.  b  -assC.  O $  2.70 

1  5-in.  brass  C.  O   1 .50 

Refrigerator  waste    12 . 50 

Local  vents    12.00 

1  ball-cock  1.25 

2sillcocks   2.00 

Tank  overflow 6.50 

4  J-inchS.  &  W.  cocks 3.24 

Carried  forward  $41.69      $108.41 


94  ESTIMATING 


Brought  forward  $  41.69    $  108.41 

1  boiler  valve  and  chain .70 

25  Ibs.  tinned  copper,  at  $.32  Ib 8 . 00 

6  3-part  hangers,  brass 6 . 30 

2  J-in.  hose  bibs 1 . 50 

3  |-inch  plain  bibs 2. 10 

Street  connections 55 .00 

lib.  putty ':...,.... 05 

2  Ibs.  grafting  wax .50 

Calking  lead,  380  Ibs 22.80 

Oakum .. . . ".'.. 1.60    $  140.24 

FIXTURES — 

1  36  x  24  x  8-in.  sink,  12-in.  back $11 .40 

1  24  x  14-in.  pantry  sink  . .  .. 14.00 

1  pair  pantry  cocks 3 .60 

2  24  x  48-in.  trays,  12-in.  back 14. 10 

1  5-ft.  bathtub,  complete -.  41.00 

1  lavatory /complete 32.50 

1  water-closet,  complete  60 . 00 

1  40-gallon boiler ... , .  16.75 

1  "         "        "    stand .85 

12  Ibs.  fine  solder 3 . 12 

Clamps  and  hooks 2 . 70 

Tinned  tacks .15 

Fuel 1.95    $202.12 

SUPPLIES  AND  LABOR— 

126 ft.  f-inch galv.  water  pipe $4.41 

22ft.Hnch     "        "       " .62 

Fittings,  J  cost  of  pipe 1 . 67 

74ft.  J-in.  brass $23.49 

56ft.i-m.     "     , 16.24  39.73 

Fittings,  20  per  cent 7.95 

Painting  of  iron  pipes 9 . 75 

Stop-cocks 3 .54 

Sink  and  tray  legs 4 . 72 

Lead,  oil,  etc .65 


Carried  forward  $  73.04    $  450.77 


ESTIMATING  95 


Brought  forward  $  73.04     $  450.77 

Clamping  brass  and  screws .25 

Cartage  and  fares 5 . 00 

Labor,  40  days,  at  $6.00  per  day : 240 . 00  318 . 29 

$  769.06 

Profit,  10  per  cent '.  76 .90 

Total  cost  of  Plumbing , $  845 .96 

ELECTRIC   WIRING 

75  ft.  No.  4  S.  B.  R.C.  wire $  4.80 

150  ft.  No.  1  S.  B.  R.  C.  wire 4.26 

40        Large  porcelain  tubes,  5  cents 2 . 00 

30             "           "        knobs,  5  cents 1 .50 

1        3-pole  50-amp.  fused  switch 1 . 50 

1        Main  cabinet  (meter) 3.50 

1        8-circuit  cut-out  panel 16 . 00 

2,500  ft.  No.  14S.B.R.C.  wire.. . 28.60 

500  ft.   1  4-in.  circular  loom 20.00 

800        5iknobs 3.20 

1,600        5-in.  porcelain  tubes 4.00 

100        Fire  stops 9 .00 

100         12-in.  porcelain  tubes 10.00 

18        Ceiling  boxes 1 .80 

30       Bracket  boxes 3 .00 

11        Switch  boxes 2.20 

11  12.10 

•      Labor  on  No.  14  wire 55 . 00 

"       "mains 15.00 

"finish 15.00 

Teaming  and  freight 5 . 00 

Sundries 5 .00 

Nails, leatherheads,  etc _      3.00 

$  225.46 

Office  expense,  10  per  cent 22 . 55 

$  248.01 

Profit,  20  per  cent 49.60 

Total  cost  of  Electric  Wiring $297.61 


ESTIMATING 


NOTE. — This  estimate  is  figured  on  outlet  boxes  at  all  outlets; 
and  includes  a  main  cabinet  and  main  switch  to  connect  with  the 
meter  and  to  cover  the  meter,  on  an  eight-circuit  panel-board,  which 
allows  one  spare  circuit.  The  panel-board  is  to  be  made  of  slate,  with 
slate  gutters  and  linings,  with  good  wood  door  and  trim. 

The  labor  is  estimated  on  wages  being  $3.60  per  day  for  a  journey- 
man, and  $2.00  per  day  for  helper.  This  price  is  above  that  paid  in 
small  places,  but  is  below  what  is  paid  in  some  cities. 

ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  FIXTURES 

NOTE. — While  the  electric  lighting  fixtures  are  not  generally  made 
a  part  of  the  building  contract,  it  may  be  worth  while  to  consider  them 
in  relation  to  the  cost  of  the  house;  although,  as  has  been  stated,  there 
is  such  a  wide  range  in  design  and  cost,  as  well  as  in  personal  prefer- 
ence, that  any  data  given  can  be  at  best  only  approximate. 

The  following  estimate  is  based*  upon  simple  designs  of  moderate 
cost  in  "old  brass"  finish: 

FIRST  STORY 

LIVING  ROOM— 

1  4-light electrolier $17.50 

4  1-light  wall  brackets,  at  $3.25  each 13 . 00 

HALL— 

2  2-light  ceiling  pieces,  at  $2.50  each 5 . 00 

VESTIBULE — 

1  3-light  cluster : 5.00 

PORCH— 

1  1-light  ceiling-piece *  1 .75 

PARLOR— 

1  4-light  electrolier 17.50 

2  1     "    wall  brackets 6.50 

DINING  ROOM — 

1  4-light  electrolier" 10.00 

2  1     "    wall  brackets 5.00 

CHINA  CLOSET,  REAR  HALL,  KITCIIKN— 

3  1-light  ceiling-pieces,  at  $.75  each 2.25 

2  1     "     wall  brackets,  at $1.35 each 2.70 

Carried  forward  $86.20 


ESTIMATING 


Brought  forward  $  86 . 20 
PANTRY— 

1  1-light  ceiling-piece .75 

ENTRY— 

11     "        "          "     1.35 

PIAZZA— 

11     "      :"          "     1.75 

SECOND  STORY 

HALL— 

2  1-light  ceiling-pieces,  at  $1.50  each $3 .00 

ALCOVE — 

2  1-light  ceiling  pieces,  at $2.50 each" 5.00 

BEDROOMS — 

13  1-light  brackets,  at  $2.50 each 32.50 

BATHROOM — 

1  1-light  ceiling-piece 1 .35 

REAR  HALL — 

1  1-light  bracket • 1 .35 

THIRD  STORY 

HALL — 

1  1-light  wall  bracket $1 .35 

ATTIC — 

1  3-ft.  drop-cord .85 

BASEMENT 

LAUNDRY — 

1  1-light  wall  bracket $1 . 15 

CELLAR— 

4  3-ft.  drop-cords,  at  $.85  each  , 3.40 

$  140.00 
LABOR 

Installing  above  fixtures  with  all  necessary  trimmings ...   $  12 . 00 
Total  cost  of  Electric  Lighting  Fixtures  in  place $152.00 

PAINTING 

OUTSIDE  PAINTING— 

17  pairs  blinds,  three  coats  painting,  at  $1.50  pair  ....   $  25 . 50 
1,068  yds.  three  coats  painting,  windows  and  wood- 
work, at  $.20  yd 213.60 

Carried  forward  $239.10 


98  ESTIMATING 


Brought  forward  $239.10 

54  yds.    two   coats    metallic    paint,  upper  side    tin 

roofs,  at  $.15  yd 8.10 

62yds.  two  coats  oilingon  floors,  porch,  and  piazza,  at 

$.10  yd 6.20 

INTERIOR  PAINTING— 

166  yds.  filling,  staining,  and  shellacing,  and  two 
coats  hard  oil  finish,  at  $.20  yd $33.20 

245  yds.  filling  and  two  coats  spar  varnish,  first  coat 
rubbed,  at  $.25 yd 61 .25 

403  yds.  one  coat  shellac,  three  of  paint,  two  coats 
zinc  and  white  varnish.  Rubbed  with  pumice  and 
water,  ivory  white  finish,  at  $.80  yd 322.40 

294  yds.  treat  with  potash,  one  oil  filler,  clean,  four 
coats  sheUac,  last  coat  rubbed  with  pumice  and  oil, 
oak  and  birch,  at  $.35  yd.  .  .  , 102.90 

109  yds.  filling,  four  coats  shellac,  last  coat  rubbed 
with  pumice  and  oil,  floors  at  $ .  30  yd 32 . 70 

114  yds.  size  and  three  coats  paint,  last  coat  with 
varnish,  walls,  at  $.20  yd ,....,...  22.80 

5  yds.  three  coats  paint  and  one  enamel  gloss,  bath- 
tub, at  $.25  yd ;......... 1.25 

100  yds.  three  coats  paint,  last  with  zinc,  flat,  white- 
wood,  at  $.25  yd 25.00 

10  yds.  one  coat  shellac  on  pipes,  at  $ .  10  yd 1 . 00 

299  yds.  size   and  tint  in  water-colors,  ceilings,  at 

$.15  yd : 44.85 

Total  cost  of  Painting $  900.75 


GENERAL  SUMMARY 

Batter-Boards  and  Water  Supply $      25 . 00 

Excavation 262.50 

Stonework,  Cesspools,  and  Drains   754. 15 

Chimneys  and  Brickwork    281 .50 

Concreting 88.20 

Plastering 544.40 

Carpenter  Work 4,928.34 

Carried  forward  $6,884.09 


-'  TTHtt-ON-FIRJT- 


•DODR- 


-WINDOW-. 


•DGDR- 


.  18. 


100  ESTIMATING 


Brought  foncard  $6,884.09 

Stairs 216.21 

Hardware 1  55 . 49 

Heating 295.41 

Plumbing 845.96 

Electric  Wiring 297. Gl 

Electric  Fixtures 152.00 

Painting 900.75 

Total,     "$97747752 


SCHEDULES 

ANALYSIS  OF  CARPENTER  WORK 

Following  is  a  section  devoted  to  the  analysis  of  the  different 
portions  of  carpenter  work  in  the  foregoing  estimate.  These  show  how 
the  prices  are  obtained,  and  will  be  very  useful  for  comparison,  as  the 
changes  in  cost  of  parts  can  be  noted  and  kept  up  to  date. 
First  Floor,  price  per  square  of  100  sq.  ft.,  including  the  floor  beams, 
bridging,  and  under  floors,  but  no  furring  for  plaster — 

Joists,  2  X  10-in.,  16  inches  on  centers S3 .25 

Labor 1.50 

Nails 10 

Bridging 50 

Under  floor,  hemlock,  at  $24.00 2 . 30 

Waste,  one-third 80 

Labor 75 

Nails 1-")     $  9.35 

Hard  Pine  Upper  Floor,  per  square  of  100  sq.  ft.— 

.  Stock    £0.00 

Waste, one-third .  .     2.00 

Labor 2.25 

Nails .25    $10.50 

Quartered  Oak  L'pper  Floor,  per  square  of  100  sq.  ft— 

Stock $10.00 

Waste 3.30 

Labor 6.50 

Nails  .  .25    $20.05 


ESTIMATING  101 


Porch  or  Veranda  Floor,  per  square  of  100  sq.  ft.— 

Joists,  2  X  8-in.,  16  inches  on  centers $2.60 

Labor , 1.00 

Hard  pine  flooring,  at  $55 : 5 .50 

Waste   1.80 

Labor ......  1.25 

Nails    , «...  .20    $12.35 

Second  Floor,  per  square  of  100  sq    ft. — 

Joists,  2  X  10-in.,  16  inches  on  centers $3  25 

Labor 1.50 

Bridging 50 

Furring 1 . 50 

Under-floor  stock 2.30 

Waste,  one-third 80 

Labor 75 

Nails 15 

Upper-floor  stock 4 . 00 

Waste 1.30 

Labor 1 . 75 

Nails , 20    $18.00 

Third  Floor,  per  square  of  100  sq.  ft. — 

Joists,  2  X  8-in.,  16  inches  on  centers $  2 .60 

Labor ,,, 1.50 

Under  floor. '. 4.00 

Furring 1 .50 

Bridging '. 50    $10.10 

Shingled  Roof,  per  square  of  100  sq.  ft — 

Rafters,  2  X  7-in,  20  inches  on  centers $  2.17 

Labor 2.25 

Matched  spruce  boarding 2 . 50 

Waste,  one-third 80 

Labor 1 .25 

Nails ...;.;.. 20 

Shingles 4.00 

Labor 3.25 

Nails 25    $16.67 


102  ESTIMATING 


Tinned  Roof,  per  square  of  100  sq.  ft. —   . 

Rafters,  2  X  7-in.,  20  inches  on  centers $  2. 17 

Labor 1 . 50 

Matched  boarding,  as  above   4 . 75 

Paper 50 

Tinning . 12.00    $20.92 

Wall  Frame  and  Boarding,  per  square  of  100  sq.  ft.— 

Studding,  2  X  4-in.,  16  inches  on  centers. $  4 .00 

Boarding 2.30 

Waste "...      .80. 

Labor '........ 1 .00 

Nails    20    $  8.30 

Inside  Studding,  per  square  of  100  sq.  ft.— 

Stock,  2x4-in.,  16  inches  on  centers $  1 .30 

Waste,  one-half  stock .65 

Labor 1.50 

Nails .15 

Grounds  and  beads ' 40    $  4 .00 

Clapboarding,  per  square  of  100  sq.  ft. — 

Clapboards, 80, at $.05 each $4.00 

Labor 3.25 

Paper 50 

Nails .20    $7.95 

Main  Cornice,  per  linear  foot — 

Gutter,  perft $     .12 

Upper  fascia 03    . 

Fillet .01 

Lower  fascia 04 

Planceer 08 

Bed-mould 02 

Frieze 06 

Architrave   moulding 04 

Brackets 25 

Labor 50 

Rough  furring .10    $  1 .25 

Piazza  Cornice,  per  linear  foot — 

Upper  fascia $  .03 

Carried  forward  $  .03 


•DETAIL  OFGENERAL'WINECW' FRAMED 


•JECTION-THKQ 
-W1NDDW-HZAD 


Fig.  19. 


104  ESTIMATING 


Brought  forward  $   .03 

Gutter 10 

Lower  fascia 03 

Fillet 01 

Planceer ; 08 

Bed-mould .* 02 

Brackets .25 

Frieze 15 

Architrave  mould 03 

Soffit 05 

Inside  frieze 10 

Labor 1.00 

Rough  furring .15     $  2.00 

Attic  Windows,  circular  top,  each- 
Frame $  6.00 

Sash 2.50 

Inside  finish 1 . 00 

Weights  and  cord - 45 

Labor 1.25    $11 .20 

Second-Story  Windows,  3  ft.  6  in.  X  5  ft.,  each- 
Frame  $  3.50 

Sashes,  17  J  sq.ft.,  at  $.20  per  sq.  ft $  3.50 

Blinds 1.00 

Blind  fasts ;      .15 

Inside  finish 1.19 

Nails  and  screws 10 

Weights  and  cord 64 

Labor,  1  day 3.25    $13.33 

Inside  Finish  for  Window,  as  above — 

Architrave,    21  ft., at  $.03Jperft $   .73 

Back-band,  21  ft.,  at  $.03     "     " 63 

Beads,  17  ft.,  at  $.02     "     "    .34    $1.70 

SOpercentoff     .~  .51 

$  1.19 
Weights  and  Cord  for  Window,  as  above — 

Weights,  m  ft.,21bs.per  ft.,  35  lbs.,at  $.01J 

per  Ib $     .44 

Cord,  20  ft.,  at  $.01  per  ft., _^20    $      64 


ESTIMATING  105 


Cost  of  Window,  2  ft.  6  in.  x  4  ft.  6  in.,  each- 
Frame $  3.50 

Window,  11 J  sq.ft.,  at  $.20  per  sq.  ft 2.25 

Blinds .75 

Blind  fastenings .15 

Screws  and  nails 10 

Weight,  22 Jibs.,  at  $. Olf  per Ib .28 

Cord .........       .15 

Inside  Casing,  18  ft.,  at  $.03J  per  ft.    ... , .......       .63 

Back-band,  18  ft,  at  $.03  per  ft. 54 

Stop-beads,  14ft.,  at  $.02  per  ft 28 

Labor : 3.25    $11.88 

French  Windows,  4  ft.  6  in  X  7  ft.  6  in.,  each- 
Frame  ., $  5.00 

Sash,  4  ft.  6  in.  X  7  ft.  6  in.,  34  sq.  ft.,  at  $ .  20  per 

sq.  ft 6.80 

Astragal 50 

Nails  and  screws 10 

Inside  finish , 96 

Labor 4.88    $18.24 

Window,  3  ft.  4  in.  X  5  ft.  6  in.  (oak  finish),  each- 
Frame .$3.50 

Window,  18sq.  ft.,  at  $.20  per  sq.  ft 3.60 

Blinds 1.00 

Blind  fasts 15 

Nails  and  screws 10 

Weights... 70 

Finish  (oak) . . 2.64 

Labor,  IJdays 4.88     $16.57 

Rear  Door,  2  ft.  10  in.  X  7  ft.  6  in.— 

Frame $4.00 

Door,  21  sq.  ft.,  at  $ .  25  per  sq.  ft ...  5 . 25 

Finish .....:.....  .91 

Labor : 3.25 

Nails  .  .05        $13.46 


106  ESTIMATING 


Front  Door,  3  ft.  3  in.  X  7  ft.  6  in.,  with  top  and  side  lights— 
Frame — 

Sill,  7  ft.,  at  $.25  per  ft $1.75 

Jambs,  23  ft,  at  $.07  per  ft 1.61 

Mullions  and  transom  bar,  20  ft.,  at  $.10i 

perft 2.10 

Outside  casing,  23  ft,  at  $.03^  per  ft .81 

Mullioncasing,20ft,at$.021Vperft „.    42 

Labor,  J  price  of  stock 3 . 32 

$10.01 
Door,  3  ft.,  3  in.  X  7  ft.  6  in.— 

21  sq.  ft.,at$.25persq.  ft $5.25 

Side-light  panels,  6  ft.,  at  $ .  25  per  ft ,        .  1 . 50 

3  sash  rims,  at  $.50  each 1.50 

Leaded  glass,  10|  sq.  ft.,  at  $2.50  per  sq.  ft.  .       27.00 

$35.25 
Inside  Finish— 

Stop-beads $  .28 

Architrave,  24  ft.,  at  $ .  04J  per  ft .      1 . 08 

Labor,  3days 9.75 

$11.11 

Total  cost  of  front  door  and  frame   $56 . 37 

Door,  2  ft.  8  in.  X  7  ft.  6  in.  (N.  C.  pine)— 

Stockdoor  $3.00 

Frame 1 .25 

Threshold    15 

Nails 05 

Finish,39Jft,at$.04iperft 1.78 

Labor 3.25          $9.48 

Pair  of  Sliding  Doors,  6  ft.  X  8  ft.  (whitewood  and  birch)— 

Doors,  48  sq  ft.,  at  $ .  50  per  sq.  ft $24 . 00 

Architrave,  24ft.,  birch    2.34 

24ft.,  whitewood 1 .05 

Jambs,  22ft,  birch :         1 .82 

"       22  ft,  whitewood .85 

Grounds,  22  ft.,  birch    .50  

Carried  forward  $30 . 56 


ESTIMATING 


107 


Brought  forward  $30.56 

Grounds,  22  ft.,  whitewood .23 

Chafing  strip,  22  ft.,  birch ',.  .33 

22ft,  whitewood .15 

Astragal,  birch  and  whitewood    1 . 50 

Sheathing  pockets,  96  ft.>  at  $4.75  per  square.  4 . 50 

Labor, 5days' work   16.25        $53.52 

Schedule  of  Rooms,  and  Memoranda  from  which  Heating  Esti= 

mate  is  Made  Up 


FIRST  FLOOR 
ROOMS 

SIZE 

CONTAINS 
Cu.  FT. 

DIVIDE  BY 

EQUALS 

SIZE  OF 
REGISTER 

AREA  OF 
PIPES 

FEET  OF  TIN 
PIPE,  INCLUD- 
ING ELBOWS 

Living  Room  . 

14x25x9 

3,150 

25 

2  9-in.  pipes 

29x12 

128 

34 

Hall  ... 

11x25x9 

Add 
40%  for 
space 
above, 

3,465 

25 

14-in.    " 

14yl8 

154 

12 

Parlor 

12yl4y9 

1  512 

PR 

9-in     " 

9y  12 

64 

14 

Dining  Room. 

12X14X9 

1,512 

25 

9-in.    « 

9X12 

64 

16 

China  Closet  . 

7x10x9 

7-in.    " 

7x10 

88 

94 

SECOND  FLOOR 

» 

Bedroom  .... 

llXl4x8J 

1,309 

35 

7-in.    « 

8x10 

38 

38 

u 

11X14X84 

1,309 

35 

7-in.    " 

8X10 

38 

26 

(* 

11X14X84 

1,309 

35 

7-in.    " 

8x10 

38 

40 

a 

11X14X84 

1,309 

35 

7-in.    » 

8x10 

38 

40 

Alcove  

6xllx8A 

7-in.    " 

7x10 

38 

32 

Bathroom    . 

6ylOy8i 

7-in.    " 

7x10 

38 

38 

Rear  Bedroom 

10x13x84 

1,105 

35 

7-in.    « 

7x10 

38 

40 

Smoke  pipe,  22  ft.  —  Heat-pipe  area,  714  sq.  in. — Cold -air 
534  sq.  in.,  or  J  of  heat-pipe  area. — Use  28-in.  firepot  furnace 


box, 


108  ESTIMATING 


Location  Sheet 

of   Electric 

Outlets 

LOCATION 

CEILING 

BRACKET 

Sw.      TOTAL 

TOTAL 

OUTLETS 

LIGHTS 

Basement  — 

Passage 

1 

1 

Furnace 

1 

1 

1 

Laundry 

1 

1 

1 

Furnace  Room 

2 

2 

2 

4 

1 

4 

5 

First  Floor— 

Entry 

1 

1 

1 

Pantry 

1 

1 

1 

Kitchen 

1 

2 

2              5 

3 

Porch 

1 

1              2 

1 

China  Closet 

1 

1 

1 

Dining  Room 

1 

2 

3 

8 

Parlor 

1 

2 

3 

10 

Hall 

1 

1 

1 

Hall 

1 

2             3 

2 

Vestibule 

1 

1 

1 

Porch 

1 

1 

1 

Living  Room 

1 

4 

2             7 

13 

11 

11 

7            29 

43 

Second  Floor  — 

Sack  Hall 

1 

2              3 

1 

Bedroom 

1 

1 

1 

Bath 

1 

1 

1 

Bedroom 

3 

3 

3 

tt 

3 

3 

3 

Alcove 

2 

2 

2 

Front  Hall 

2 

2             4 

2 

Bedroom 

3 

3 

3 

« 

3 

3 

3 

2 

17 

4            23 

19 

Mtic— 

Hall 

1 

1 

1 

Attic 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

INDEX 


Page 

Approximate  estimates 3 

Area,  definition  of 6 

Areas  of  solids 12 

Backstairs 35 

Bells 58 

Bluestone 19 

Board  measure 24 

Brickwork 19 

cost  of 19 

mortar  for 19 

Calculating  the  frame 27 

Carpenter  work 24 

Carpentry : 24 

Catalogues 2 

Cellar  columns 23 

Cellar  doors 32 

Cellar  window 32 

Chimneys 22 

Composition  roofs 45 

Concrete 21 

Conductors 45 

Cost  of  excavating 15 

Cost  of  frame , 28 

Cost  of  setting  cut  stone 18 

Covering  or  spreading  power  of  typical  paints 

on  metal 49 

on  plaster , 49 

on  wood , 48 

Cubical  contents,  definition  of 6 

Cut  nails  in  fair  assortment,  national  list  of  extras  for 40 

Cut  stone 16 

cost  of  setting 18 

Day's  work  for  carpenter 35 

Definitions i 6 

Drainage 55 

Duplicate  parts 

Earthen  drain  pipe •  •  23 

Electric  work - 57 

Estimate 

approximate 


110  INDEX 


Page 
Estimate 

making-up  of  actual 59 

of  residence  at  Ridgedale,  Mo.  . 62-100 

Estimating 

by  quantities 5 

by  the  square 4 

Excavating,  cost  of 15 

Excavation .  . . 14 

Exterior  finish 37 

Face  bricks 20 

Finishing  stock. 33 

Fixtures , 56 

Floors 29 

Flue  lining. 22 

Frame 

calculating  the . .  . ' /.  . .  27 

cost  of. . 28 

Front  door 31 

Front  stairs 34 

Galvanized  elbows. 52 

Galvanized  smoke  pipe 52 

Gas  fitting , 57 

Granite 16 

Gutters 45 

Hardware.. . .' 39 

Heating 50 

first  floor 51 

quantities.. . 51 

second  floor 51 

Hot  water  heating 53 

Inside  doors 31 

Inside  finish 33 

Inside  studding 30 

Lathing 46 

Limestone 17 

Linear  dimension,  definition  of 7 

Location  sheet  of  electric  outlets 108 

Lumber,  miscellaneous  prices  of 26 

Marble 18 

Masons'  supplies 22 

Measure  of  lines  and  surfaces 8 

Metal  roofs ' 45 

Nails 39 

Outside  walls 29 

Painting 48 

cost  of 49 

inside  work 49 

outside  work 50 


INDEX  111 


Painting  Page 

cost  of 

sanding 50 

Percentage 2 

Piazzas  and  porches 37 

Pile  foundations 15 

Piping  for  heating,  cost  of '52 

Plasterer's  work,  rules  governing 47 

Plastering '.  . . '. 45 

Plumbing 54 

Plumbing  labor 57 

Preparation  for  estimating.. 5 

Prices 1 

Profit 2 

Quartered  oak  floor 31 

Radiation 53 

Registers 52 

Rift  hard  pine  upper  floors 31 

Roofing 30,  42 

Rules  and  tables 7 

Sandstone _. .  « 18 

Scale  of  wages 13 

Schedules 100-107 

Seam-faced  granite. 19 

Setting  cut  stone,  cost  of 18 

Shingles , ..,.....*....;..  42 

cost  of , .••*•• 43 

measuring  for 43 

quantities „ 43 

Shingling  outside  walls. 30 

Slating... 43 

quantities 44 

Sliding  doors 32 

Soil  pipes 55 

Solid  contents .  •  13 

Solids,  areas  of ,  . .  . .  12 

Stairs 34 

Standard  vitrified  pipe,  net  price  of 23 

Steam  heating 53 

Stone  work 15 

Switches 58 

Tables 

board  measure 25 

circles,  areas  of 12 

cisterns,  capacity  of 56 

of  multiples 7,  10 

Tiles ! 45 

Tin,  per  sheet,  cost  of 52 

Transportation 3 


112 


INDEX 


Units 

Vitrified  pipe,  net  price  of  standard. 

Wages,  scale  of 

Water 

Water  supply.. 

Window  sets 

Windows  of  average  size 

Wire  nails 


Page 

7 

23 
13 
55 
55 
17 
30 
41 


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